Changes in chinese Immigrant Society and the Rise of Chinese Mestizos, 1750-1820.

菲律宾在世纪中期开始了巨大的社会经济变革，为下一个世纪的社会进一步改革奠定了基础。这些变化是由在整个西属印度群岛实施的全面改革带来的，以改善殖民地政府。在菲律宾，总督阿兰迪亚主动改善严重依赖华人的殖民地经济。总督将非天主教徒的中国人驱逐出菲律宾。结果，马尼拉的华人社会从一个非天主教化和短暂的小，天主教化，定居。中国人与当地妇女结婚。他们的婚礼是由教堂举行的。他们的后代被西班牙当局归类为中国混血儿。安大总督驱逐了他指控在1762-64年与英国人勾结的中国居民。巴斯科州长取消了移民 ...更多信息 为了发展殖民地的经济，中国政府禁止移民并引进中国劳工。虽然总督接受天主教徒和非天主教徒，但后者比前者征收更重的人头税;因此，后者的流入被最小化。马尼拉的华人社会仍然由相对少数的天主教徒组成。由于他们被禁止从事零售贸易，他们宁愿集中在马尼拉，成为批发商。他们充当外国商人和混血儿之间的联系人，混血儿收集菲律宾产品并在当地居民中分配进口商品。这意味着，梅蒂佐人接管了由非天主教中国人开发的商业网络。混血儿在世纪菲律宾社会经济史上占有重要地位，对菲律宾人身份认同的形成做出了重要贡献。总而言之，在西属印度群岛各地实施的改革中，华人混血儿得到了崛起的机会。少

The Philippines in the mid-eighteeth century saw the beginning of the considerable socio-economic changes which set the pace for the further restructuring of society in the following century. These chenges were brought about by the comprehensive reforms which were implemented throughout the Spanish Indies to improve colonial government. In the Philippines, Governor Arandia took the initiative in improving the colonial economy which was heavily depended on the Chinese. The governor expelled the non-Catholic Chinese from the Philippines. As a result, Manila's Chinese Society changed from one un-Catholicized and transient to small, Catholicized, and settled. The Chinese residents married local women. Their marriage was celebrated by the Church. They produced the offspring who were classified by the Spanish authorities as Chinese mestizos. Governor Anda expelled the Chinese residents whom he accused of having collaborated with the British during 1762-64. Governor Basco lifted the immigrati … More on ban and introduced Chinese labor in order to develop the colony economically. Although the governor accepted both Catholics and non-Catholics, the latter was imposed a heavier capitation than the former ; thus, the latter's influx was minimized. The Chinese society in Manila remained composed of a relatively small number of resident Catholics. As they were prohibited from engaging in the retail trade, they rather concentrated in Manila and became wholesalers. They acted as links between the foreign merchants and the mestizos who collected Philippine produce and distributed imported goods among the local population. It meant that the metizos took over the commercial network which was developed by the non-Catholic Chinese. The mestizos playd an important role in Philippine socio-economic history in the nineteenth century and contributed much to the formation of the Filipino identity. To sum up, the Chinese mestizos were given the chance to rise under the reforms implemented all over the Spanish Indies. Less