Faust-Literature and the Christian Demonology

欧洲人不仅相信上帝，也相信魔鬼。这些信念在日本人中是看不到的。魔鬼和日本恶魔是完全不同的。在日本，受人尊敬的神灵成为神，不受人尊敬的神灵成为恶魔。在基督教传播之前的欧洲社会中，存在着古老的信仰，这与日本人对神和恶魔的态度有些相似。在德国南部的“Perchtenlauf”中，我们仍然可以看到这些古老信仰的其余部分，在那里，“美丽的Perchta”和“丑陋的Perchta”相互争斗。经院哲学提出了鬼神学。《浮士德传说》的前身《提奥菲勒斯的故事》从12世纪开始在欧洲社会流行起来。16世纪流行戏剧《浮士德》的结局与歌德的《浮士德》的结局有很大的不同。路德和伊拉斯谟之间的争论存在于背景之中。这出受欢迎的戏剧是以路德教教义为基础的；歌德论“自由意志”的人文精神。在歌德之后，随着时代的更加混乱，《浮士德》的故事变得更加悲观。格拉伯的《唐璜与浮士德》的背景是拿破仑战争；在布尔加科夫的《大师与玛格丽塔》中，是斯大林主义。日本与鬼神学的传统相去甚远。因此，日本的“浮士德”故事具有特殊的性格。三岛由纪夫的《禁之恋》和手冢修的《新浮士德》将被视为日本“浮士德”小说的代表。

Europeans believe not only in God, but also in the Devil. These beliefs are not seen among the Japanese. The Devil and the Japanese demon are fairly different. In Japan, the spirits who are highly respected become gods, and those who are not respected become demons.In the European societies before the spread of Christianity, the old beliefs existed, which somewhat resemble the Japanese attitude to gods and demons. We can still see the rest of these old beliefs in "Perchtenlauf" in southern Germany, in which the "beautiful Perchta"and the "ugly Perchta"fight with each other.The Scholastic philosophies brought up the demonology. "The Tale of Theophilus", the forerunner of the Faust-legend, became popular in the European societies since the 12th century.The end of the popular play "Faust" in the 16th century and that of Goethe's "Faust" are quite different. The controversy between Luther and Erasmus lies in the background. The popular play is based on Lutheran doctrines ; Goethe on the humanist spirit of "free will.After Goethe, as the times are more confused, "Faust"-stories became more pessimistic. In the background of Grabbe's "Don Juan und Faust" is the Napoleonic War ; in that of Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita"is Stalinism.Japan is far from the tradition of demonology. Therefore, the Japanese "Faust"-stories have a special character. Yukio Mishima's "Kinjiki" ("The Forbidden Love") and Osamu Tezuka's "Neo-Faust" will be regarded as representative Japanese "Faust"-stories.