International Comparative Study on Cartel Crime

我的研究目标是大幅提高日本对缺乏竞争行为的刑事监管权力。为此，我学习了美国、法国、意大利、德国等发达国家的刑事法规。在这个项目的第一年，我发现法国和意大利的合谋罪的规定是借鉴了二战前美国的谢尔曼法案。1941年修订的《刑事规约》第96-3条关于串通行为的规定受到意大利和法国法律的影响。这段历史表明，日本在第二次世界大战之前就已经有了卡特尔犯罪的原始规定。因此，笔者认为《刑法》第96-3条是对现行《反垄断法》第89条关于卡特尔行为一般处罚规定的特殊规定。在第二年，我考察了美国的“效果论”，以及该理论在日本帝王制度中的引进能力，并得出结论，在域外案件中，该理论不仅适用，而且在日本也是通用的。在最后的第三年，我继续研究域外案例，特别是电子商务领域，包括数字签名。我就数字签名的新规定向日本政府提出了一些建议。我也对知识产权与反垄断政策之间关系的理论方面感兴趣，这在微软公司的案例中得到了典型的体现

My research is aiming at substantial improvement of criminal regulatory power for less competitive conducts in Japan. For this purpose, I studied on criminal regulations of developed countries including the US, France, Italy and Germany.In the first year of this project, I found out the fact that the provisions of collusion crime in France and Italy were taking after the Sherman Act of the US before WWII. The provision of collusive conduct at #96-3 of the Criminal Statute which was amended in 1941 were under the influence of Italian and French law. This history shows that Japan had already before WWII the primitive provision of cartel crime. As the result, I concluded that #96-3 of Criminal Statute is a special regulation to the present provision of #89 of Anti-trust Law concerning to punishment of cartel conduct in general.In the second year, I surveyed the 'effect theory' of the US, and the capability of introducing this theory in Japanese regal system and conclude that in extra-territorial cases this theory is not only applicable but also versatile also in Japan.In the last third year, I continued to study extra-territorial cases, particularly e-commerce area including digital signature. I made some suggestions on the new regulations of digital signature to Japanese Government. I was also interested in the theoretical aspect of relationship between intellectual right and anti-trust policy which is topically shown in Microsoft Inc. case