A Study of Multi-ethnic Societies in the African Evergreen Forest

各种不同民族的共存是非洲热带雨林的特点。在喀麦隆东南部的巴卡狩猎采集者和邻近的刀耕火种的农学家中进行了密集的实地调查，以收集关于热带雨林作为人类环境的基本潜力及其适应情况的生态和民族学数据。然后对包括巴卡在内的各民族之间的社会关系进行了深入的调查，以了解各民族在同一森林环境中共存的结构。主要研究项目如下：(1)森林中的生存活动：a)森林中的土壤结构和刀耕火种农业；b)可可等经济作物的种植和经济作物的影响；c)野生山药的副种植；d)森林中野生资源的狩猎和采集；e)森林居民的健康状况；f)巴卡俾格米人的日常生活(饮食、儿童活动、仪式表演等)；(2)森林资源：a)生态和分类调查，b)民族植物学调查，c)野生山药生物量和承载能力的估计，D)非木材产品的利用(3)当地社区和民族之间的关系：a)民族历史，b)巴卡人与邻近农民之间的相互关系(赞助人-客户关系，虚构的亲属关系)，c)通过当地市场与外部世界的联系，d)公共教育及其影响作为这些研究的结果，收集了关于1)森林自然资源，2)森林资源的综合利用，3)不同民族的共存和相互依存，以及4)现代化，如教育和现金经济对当地社区和民族关系的影响的数据。

The coexistence of various different ethnic groups characterizes the tropical rainforest of Africa. Intensive field survey was conducted among the Baka hunter-gatherers and neighboring slash-and-burn agriculturalists such as the Njem and the Kaka in the south-eastern part of the Republic of Cameroon to gather ecological and ethnological data on the basic potentiality of tropical rainforest as human environment and the adapatation to it. Then the social relationships among various ethnic groups including the Baka were investigated intensively to understand the structure of coexistence of various ethnic gr6ups in the same forest enviromnent. The main research items were as follows :(1)Subsistence activities in the forest : a) soil structures and slash-and-burn agriculture in the forest, b) cultivation of cash crops such as cacao and influence of cash economy, c) para-cultivation of wild yams, d) hunting and gathering of wild resources in the forest, e) health condition of forest dwellers, f) daily life of the Baka Pygmies (diet, activities of children, ritual performances, and so on)(2)Forest resources : a) ecological and taxonomic survey, b) ethnobotanical survey, c) estimation of biomass of wild yams and carrying capacity, d)utilization of non-timber products(3) Local community and inter-ethnic relationships : a) ethnohistory, b)interrelationship between the Baka and neighboring farmers (patron-client relationship, fictive kinship relationship), c) connection to the outside world through local markets, d) public education and its influences As the results of those research, data have been gathered on 1) the natural resources of the forest, 2) the mlti-dimentional use of the forest resources, 3) the coexistence and inter-dependence of various ethnic groups, and 4) the influence of modernization such as education and cash economy on the local community and ethnic relationship.