Volunteer Activities in the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake and their middle/long-term Impact

研究了1995年阪神大地震后救灾志愿者的活动，重点研究了三种不同类型的志愿者团体/组织，即(1)没有专业知识的团体，(2)有专业知识的团体，(3)协调多个志愿者团体活动的组织。(1)共调查了704个团体/组织的起源和活动。调查发现，其中约30%是震后新成立的，其余则是由地震前已经开展工作的团体或组织组成的。有人指出，受灾地区新出现的团体和现有的团体都参与了救济活动，主要得到来自该地区以外的现有团体的支助。(2)对医生/护士、区域规划师/土木工程师、合作组织工人、公寓开发商和交通专家等专业专家进行了深入的案例研究。地震后的活动被记录下来，并为每位专业专家提出了未来的指导原则。(3)调查了震后出现的三个志愿者组织，并在神户、石谷和西宫市的许多志愿者组织之间进行协调，调查了他们在团体之间的网络过程以及与当地政府组织的合作过程。研究了1978年在美国成立的国家救灾志愿组织（NVOAD），以帮助制定灾害情况下志愿团体之间协调的指导原则。本文从社会表征理论、新公共概念、民族方法学、网络组织理论、行动研究导向的群体动力学等方面对实地调查资料和个案研究进行了理论探讨。

Activities of disaster relief volunteers after 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake were studied focusing on three different types of volunteer groups/organizations, (1)groups without professional expertise, (2)groups with professional expertise, and (3)organizations that coordinated activities of many volunteer groups.(1) A total of 704 groups/organizations were investigated concerning their origins and activities. It was found that about 30% among them were newly emerged after the quake while the rest were formed from groups/organizations that had been already working before the quake. It was elucidated that both newly emerged groups and existing groups in the affected area were involved in relief activities, being supported by mainly existing groups that came from outside of the area.(2) Intensive case studies were carried out regarding such professional experts as medical doctors/nurses, regional planers/civil engineers, workers in cooperative organizations, condominium developers, and experts on transportation. Activities after the quake were documented and a guiding principle for the future was suggested for each professional expert.(3) Three volunteer organizations that emerged after the quake and were involved in coordination among many volunteer groups in Kobe, Ashiya, and Nishinomiya cities were investigated concerning their networking processes among groups and collaboration processes with local government organizations. National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (NVOAD) that was established in 1978 in the US was examined to help develop a guiding principle for coordination among volunteer groups in disaster situations.Materials collected in field work and intensive case studies in the present study were theoretically discussed from the viewpoint of social representations theory, a new concept of public, ethnomethodology, networking organizations theory, and action-research oriented group dynamics.