The process of momentary diffusion of members' behavioral patterns in a collectivity

针对这一主题，进行了以下四项研究。第一项研究考察了群体规模（12 vs 24名受试者）和从多数行为开始的受试者百分比（50%,67%,83%）对实现行为一致性过程的影响。每位受试者都拿到了一张B5大小的卡片，卡片的正面和背面有不同的颜色，并将卡片的两面展示给其他人看。受试者通过在两种颜色中选择一种来达到一致的目标。分析表明：(1)群体规模不影响达到完全一致意见的时间；(2)向多数过渡的概率不仅取决于给定时刻的个体百分比，还取决于开始时的被试百分比。第二项研究模拟了紧急情况下的逃避行为，并比较了去个性化和基于社会身份的解释的能力。前者暗示一个无意识或不受管制的过程，而后者暗示一个更有意识和社会管制的过程。研究结果提示了规范形成和传播的自觉过程。1996年6月13日，印尼鹰航865航班从福冈国际机场起飞失败坠毁。第三项研究根据物理因素（即火灾和烟雾，客舱的破坏）和人为因素造成的威胁程度的不同，考察了对群体理性的影响。结果表明，身体威胁并没有降低群体的理性程度，反而提高了群体的理性程度。家庭关系没有被破坏，在飞机严重受损的地区，普通的领导角色和帮助行为变得更加明显。第四项研究调查了日本男性和女性社会懒惰扩散的性别差异。结果显示，女性的游手好闲倾向于比男性少。

With regard to this theme, the following four studies were conducted.1. The first study examined the effects of group size (12 vs 24 subjects) and percentage of the subjects starting with majority behavior (50 %, 67 %, 83 %) upon the process of achieving behavioral uniformity. Each subjects was given a B5 size card having different colors on the front and the back and showed either side of the cards to others. Subjects shared the goal of achieving uniformity by selecting one of two color options. Analysis indicated that (1)group size did not affect time to complete unanimity, (2)transition probability toward majority was dependent upon not only the percentage of individuals at a given moment but also the percentage of the subjects in the beginning.2. The second study models escape behavior in emergency situations and compare the ability of deindividuation and social identity-based explanations. The former suggests an unconscious or unregulated process whereas the latter implies a more conscious and socially regulated process. The results suggest the conscious process of the norm formation and spread3. On June 13, 1996 Garuda Indonesia Airlines Flight 865 failed to take off from Fukuoka International Airport and crashed. The third study has examined the impact on group rationality according to the differences in degrees of threat caused by physical factors (i.e., fire and smoke, destruction of the cabin) and human factors. The result revealed that the physical threat did not lower the degree of group rationality but rather raised it. Family ties were not destroyed, and ordinary leadership roles and helping behavior became more apparent in the severely damaged area of the plane.4. The fourth study investigated gender difference in diffusion of social loafing among men and women in Japan. The results showed that the women tended to loaf less than men.