Transformation of Independent and Dependent Life Forms, Kinship Relationships and Ethnicity in a Middle-sized Town and the Surrounding Area in American Midwest.

这项研究项目是更大的人类学项目的一部分，目的是了解如何在整个生命过程中塑造有意义的生活，以及老龄化社会中潜在的文化体系。本项目以美国人口普查原始手稿(年份：1850年、1860年、1870年、1880年、1900年、1910年)为基础，结合当地的历史变迁、种族和性别关系，以河滨城市为例，探讨了独立和关怀的具体问题。首先，我们关注了家庭搬家模式与关怀实践之间的关系。波兰裔美国人在镇上停留的时间比东部各州的人长，但经常在社区内流动。他们通过婚后拥有新房子来表现出独立，但通过住在同一个社区来保持与父母的亲密关系。其次，分析了1900年可追溯原住址、1910年可追溯搬迁地址的7个家庭案例，发现了家庭发展周期、年龄增长、经济原因与其他老年人同居等因素。我们还试图利用当地一位历史学家编纂的墓地记录，找到从书面史料中难以了解的女性迁徙模式，并从曾结过婚的女儿与父母经常被埋葬在同一地点的证据中发现他们之间的亲密关系。在去年的项目中，我们确定了出现在不止一次人口普查中的家庭，并制作了图表来可视化家庭变化。从图表中我们发现，我们应该通过自助和相同的代际关系来审视独立和关怀的问题。家族图的编制是本研究项目的一项重大成果。编制的图表将用于其他研究项目。我们将把它与我们在这个项目中获得的其他材料一起用于未来的调查。

This research project is part of larger anthropological project to understand ways of shaping significant lives throughout the life course and the underlying cultural system in aging society. This project examines a specific problem of independence and caring from a case of Riverfront City, a middle-sized town and the surrounding area based primarily upon US Census original manuscripts (years : 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910) with consideration of local historical changes, ethnicity, and gender relationships. First, we focused on the relationship between family moving patterns and caring practice. Polish Americans stayed in town longer than people from eastern states but often moves within the community. They showed independence by becoming owner of new house after marriage but kept close to their parents by living in the same community. Secondly, we analyzed seven family cases where we could trace the original address in 1900 and the moved address in 1910, and found factors of moving such as family developmental cycle, becoming older age, financial reason co-living with other elderly. We also tried to find the women's moving pattern that is difficult to know from written historical materials by using the cemetery record compiled by a local historian, and found the intimate relationship between once-married-out daughter and her parents from evidence that they were often buried in the same place. In the last project year, we identified families that appeared in more than one census and made charts to visualize family changes. From the charts, we found that we should examine the problem of independence and caring by looking at self-help and the same generational relationship. The compilation of family charts is a significant achievement of this research project. The compiled charts will be used with other research project. We will use it with other materials we obtained in this project for the future investigation.