Survey on some plans to reform the local estates assemblies in Austrian March Revolution 1848

通过这一调查，我试图澄清在维也纳、布达佩斯、布拉格和米兰发生1848年奥地利三月革命时，由Landstaende(地方等级议会，主要由三个等级组成，即神职人员、贵族和公民（在Tirol由农民增加）向Nationalrat（国民议会）过渡的历史过程和意义。在雅各宾派看来，奥地利资产阶级革命因为它的崩溃而毫无意义。但我对地方议会的许多重要改革计划给予了特别关注，特别是下奥地利州和施蒂利亚州。在Erzherzog Johann在西班牙皇家骑马学校召开第一次国民大会，代表们发起关于奥地利宪法的争论之前，自由派贵族和神职人员，当然还有奥地利，匈牙利和捷克各地的公民，已经开始了在哈布斯堡君主统治下改革奥地利帝国框架的争论。争论的焦点在于原地方等级议会的新作用和地位及其地方自治权，而在法国大革命或英国资产阶级革命中，这种地方自治权仅被解释为封建特权。正如J.A.熊彼特所言，奥地利的地方议会作为欧洲地方主义精神的载体和框架，在1992年《马斯特里赫特条约》之后重塑了其欧盟框架，其作用非常重要。尽管奥地利资产阶级革命失败，但在改革努力的基础上，出现了1860年二月宪法制度和1867年与独立匈牙利民族国家的妥协。

Through this survey I have tried to clarify the historical process and meanings of Ttransition from Landstaende, Local Estates Assembly, consisted of mainly three Estates, that is Clericals, Aristocracies and Citizens (in Tirol added by Farmers) to Nationalrat (National Assembly) at the time of Austrian March Revolution 1848 in Wien, Budapest, Prague and Milano. From the view points of Jacobins, Austrian Bourgeois Revolution means nothing because of its breakdown. But I have paied Special Attention to many important reform plans of local estates assembly, especially Lower Austria and Styria. Before Erzherzog Johann convened the first National Assembly at the Royal Spanish Horse Riding School and the representatives launched Disputes on the Austrian Constitution, liberal aristocrates and clericals and of course Citizens of all over Austria, Hungary and Czech land had begun disputes to reform the framework of Austrian Empire under the Rule of Hapsburger Monarch. Focus of Controvercies lies in the new role and position of former local estates assembly and its local rights of Autonomy, which has been explained only as feudal privileges in the Case of French Revolution or English bourgeois revolution.As J.A. Schumpeter once metioned, the role of local estates assembly was very important in Austria as the carrier the spirit and framework of European Regionalism, which now reshaping its framework of EU after the treaty of Maastricht 1992. In spite of the breakdown of Ausrian bourgeois revolution, on the bases of reform efforts emerged Feburary Constitutional System 1860 and the Compromise with the Independent Hungarian Nation State 1867.