Buddhism and Islam as “living religion”. Heinrich Hackmann (1864–1935) and the German-language discourses of his time

在世纪之交的几十年里，从欧洲的角度对“宗教”的研究话语发生了转变。除了对传统的语言学解释外，还对当代实践进行了更多的实证研究，并将“宗教”视为个人经验与社会结构之间的系统相关性。“活的宗教”成为那个时期的一个重要口号。除了神学和语言学的学科，现在宗教研究或宗教史和特殊的研究领域，如伊斯兰研究，成为研究宗教的任务。在这些转变中的一个重要网络是在哥廷根发展起来的历史学派。在同一时期，在学术话语的基础上，为受过教育的中产阶级定义了特定宗教的知识体系。佛教和伊斯兰教在德语区受到特别的关注，最初只是将这两个宗教提升到与基督教并列的“世界宗教”的地位：绝对在世界各地招募信徒的宗教。这同时标志着欧洲国家宗教话语的另一个重要转变--佛教和伊斯兰教等也成为欧洲的替代宗教选择。他们的德语从业者开始组织成宗教社区。我们的项目，一方面，是研究海因里希·哈克曼（1864-1935）的学术工作，他是一个成员的历史上的科隆学派，可以被视为代表的新方向，德语宗教研究。1894年至1912年间，他对中国和其他亚洲国家佛教作为“活宗教”的实证研究做出了决定性贡献。他通过出版一本包罗万象的描述书，帮助整合了以前分散的关于佛教不同阶段和流派的知识体系，这本书也是针对受过教育的中产阶级的。1913年，他成为阿姆斯特丹的宗教通史教授，但他继续用德语出版大量作品，并越来越多地转向宗教理论和系统学的问题，特别关注当代世界宗教。另一方面，该项目研究了围绕哈克曼的话语背景。它建立在现有的研究一般论述宗教和建立佛教和伊斯兰教作为宗教社区在德语世界。在原始资料的基础上，考察了与佛教和伊斯兰教有关的三种不同类型的话语的交叉点：学术研究话语、知识中产阶级话语和占有话语，即与宗教信徒招募和宗教社区形成有关的话语。

In the decades around the turn of the 20th century there was a shift in the research discourse on “religion” from a European perspective. In addition to the philological interpretation of traditions, more empirical research of contemporary practice was undertaken, and “religion” was conceived as a systemic correlation between individual experiences and social structures. “Living religion” became an important catch phrase of that period. In addition to the disciplines of theology and philology, now religious studies or the history of religion and special research areas such as Islamic studies became tasked with research on religion. One important network in these shifts was the History of Religions School that developed in Göttingen. During that same period, bodies of knowledge on specific religions were defined for the educated middle class, building on the academic discourses. Buddhism and Islam were given particular interest in the German-speaking areas, initially only elevating these two to the status of “world religions” alongside Christianity: Religions that categorically recruit their adherents all over the world. This simultaneously marked another important shift in religious discourses in European countries – namely that Buddhism and Islam, among others, became alternative religious options in Europe as well. Their German-speaking practitioners began organizing into religious communities. Our project, on the one hand, is studying the scholarly work of Heinrich Hackmann (1864–1935), who was a member of the History of Religions School and can be regarded as representative for the new orientation of German-language religious research. Between 1894 and 1912, he made a decisive contribution toward the empirical research of Buddhism in China and other Asian countries as a “living religion”. He helped assemble the previously scattered bodies of knowledge about different stages and schools of Buddhism by publishing an encompassing description that was also directed at the educated middle class. In 1913 he became professor for the general history of religion in Amsterdam, whereas he continued to publish largely in German, and turned increasingly to questions of the theory of religion and systematics, with special attention to contemporary world religions. On the other hand, the project examines the discursive context around Hackmann. It builds on existing research on general discourses on religion and on the establishment of Buddhism and Islam as religious communities in the German-speaking world. On the basis of primary sources, it examines the intersections of three different types of discourse in relation to Buddhism and Islam: discourses in academic research, discourses in knowledge for the educated middle class, and discourses on appropriation, i.e. discourses related to the recruitment of religious adherents and the formation of religious communities.