Sparial/temporal feeding strategies of pelagic copepod commonities

1. 一种浅海鱿鱼类桡足动物Tortanus （Atortus）是一种食肉动物，以小桡足动物如Oithona为食，在白天形成了一群。它们的群居可能不仅是对鱼类等视觉捕食者的一种反捕食，也是一种寻找猎物桡足类动物的觅食策略。深海超底栖类鱿鱼类桡足动物是一种利用甲壳类动物尸体和/或蜕皮的特殊食腐动物。另一种深海类鱿鱼，与Macandrewella相比，Cephalophanes具有更发达和专门的光学传感器，也是一种主要以甲壳类动物的尸体/蜕皮为食的食腐动物。考虑到它们相似的摄食习性和发达的光学传感器，这些器官可能具有探测栖息在甲壳类动物碎屑上的生物发光细菌的功能。浅水底栖类鱿鱼类桡足类动物，如Pseudodiaptomus和pseudoyclops利用底栖藻类…除了远洋藻类之外。一种以甲壳类动物残骸为食的海绵状鱿鱼。深海食肉类鹦鹉螺，在上颌骨和上唇上有特殊的刚毛，称为“钮扣刚毛”。当它们的猎物挣扎时，“按钮”可能起到减震器的作用。同属植物的按钮数量、配置和精细结构各不相同。尖尾藻、褐微藻和海鳞藻主要以4 ~ 15 μm的小藻为食。此外，大腹沙鼠经常以甲壳类动物的残骸为食。本文测量了85种海洋、浅海和半咸水鱿鱼类桡足类动物上颌和上颌足长度与体长之比。只有海洋食肉动物的上颌极长（在candiciidae科中为30%）或上颌足类动物（在Euchaetidae和Chiridiella中为40%）。附属物的伸长似乎保证了在低营养水域捕食浮游动物的有效捕获。然而，这些食肉动物口器附属物上的刚毛纹饰差异很大，这表明它们采用不同的进食方式来导致食物隔离。颗粒饲料中上颌骨和上唇的比例分别在5-15%和10-40%之间。少

1. A neritic calanoid copepod Tortanus (Atortus), which is a carnivore feeding on small copepods such as Oithona, was observed forming swarms during the day. Their swarming may function, not only as an antipredation against visual predators such as fish, but also a foraging strategy to detect prey copepods.2. A deep-sea hyperbenthic calanoid copepod Macandrewella is a special detritivore utilizing crustacean carsasses and/or molts. The genus bears a medial cephalic lens which is rarely found in the family Scolecitrichidae, Another deep-sea calanoid Cephalophanes with much more developed and specialized optical sensors than in Macandrewella is also a detritivore feeding mainly on crustacean carcasses/molts. Considering their similar feeding habits and developed optical sensors, these organs may function in detecting bioluminescent bacteria inhabiting on crustacean detrital matter.3. Shallow-water demersal calanoid copepods such as Pseudodiaptomus and Pseudocyclops utilize benthic algae … More in addition to pelagic ones. A cavernicolous calanoid Ridgewayia stygia fed on crustacean remains.4. A deep-sea carnivorous catanoid Euaugaptilus bears special setae called "button setae" on the maxilla and maxilliped. The "button" may function as a shock absorber white their prey is struggling. The number, disposition and fine structure of the buttons vary among congeners.5. Pelagic harpacticoid such as Euterpina acutifrons, Microsetella norvegica and Aegisthus murconatus fed mainly on small algae ranging from 4 to 15 μm in largest dimension. In addition, A.mucronatus frequently fed on crustacean remains.6. Ratios of the maxillary and maxillipedal lengths to the body length are measured in 85 species of oceanic, neritic and brackish calanoid copepods. Only oceanic carnivores bear extremely elongate maxillae (>30% in Candaciidae) or maxillipeds (>40% in Euchaetidae and Chiridiella). The appendage elongation seems to guarantee effective capture of prey zooplankters in oligotrophic waters. However setal ornamentations on these mouthpart appendages greatly vary among these carnivores, suggesting that they employ different feeding modes to result in food segregation. Ratios of the maxilla and maxilliped in particle feeders fall within 5-15% and 10-40%, respectively. Less