Naturalization of consciousness

为了构建意识的自然主义理论，人们考虑了两个问题：自然化感质的问题和阐明无意识认知过程的本质的问题。结果如下：意识体验有两种特征，即内在特征和意向性特征。感觉是体验的有意特征，而不是内在特征。经验具有某种意向性内容这一事实可以用它具有某种功能这一事实来解释。因此，作为经验的内在特征的感觉被简化为它的功能。有意识的体验是有意识的，因为它们有感觉。但是，如果感觉只不过是有意的特征，那么经验就不一定是有意识的。因为无意识的经验可能具有相同的意图特征。感质必须是有意识的有意识特征。感质是有意识的这一事实可以用它们可以被语言表达这一事实来解释。语言是意识的源泉。没有语言的有机体缺乏意识。意识思维是经典的计算主义，因为它是一个语言过程。另一方面，无意识思维是联系主义的。这是一个转换神经元激活模式的过程。例如，对善恶或语法的判断在有意识的情况下是经典计算主义的，但在直觉的情况下是联系主义的。但是，即使在有意识推理的情况下，日常推理通常也充满了逻辑空白。严格地说，它不是经典的计算主义。

Two problems have been considered in order to construct a naturalistic theory of consciousness : the problem of naturalizing qualia and that of elucidating the nature of unconscious cognitive process. The results are the following.1. Conscious experiences have two kinds of features, namely, intrinsic features and intentional ones. Qualia are intentional features of experiences, not intrinsic ones. The fact that an experience has a certain intentional content is explained by the fact that it has a certain function. Therefore qualia as the intrinsic features of an experience are reduced to its function.2. Conscious experiences are conscious because they have qualia. But, if qualia are nothing but intentional features, experiences are not necessarily conscious. For there can be unconscious experiences which have the same intentional features. Qualia must be conscious intentional features. The fact that qualia are conscious can be explained by the fact that they are available to verbalization. Language is the source of consciousness. Organisms without any language lack consciousness.3. Conscious thinking is classical computationalistic because it is a linguistic process. On the other hand, unconscious thinking is connectionisitic. It is a process of transforming activation patterns of neurons. For example, judgements of good and evil or of grammaticalilty are classical computaionalistic in the case of being made consciously, but connectionistic in the case of being made intuitively. But, even in the case of conscious inference, everyday inference is usually full of logical gap. Strictly speaking, it is not classical computationalisitic.