The Significance of Goethe's Natural Science in our time

本文考察了世纪末至今歌德自然科学接受的历史，旨在重新审视自然科学的现状，并阐明自然科学与人文科学的关系。歌德的自然科学在世纪末备受瞩目，当时自然科学的权威日益影响人文科学。一些学者认为歌德是自然科学与人文科学之间的桥梁，达尔文主义最早的倡导者之一恩斯特·海克尔（Ernst Haeckel）对歌德的形态学进行了有力的解释，认为歌德和拉马克是达尔文进化论的先驱。海克尔发展了一种机械论的“概括性”一元论，假定植物和动物、物质和精神都有一个共同的祖先。与海克尔的一元论相反，威廉·狄尔泰提出了“人文科学“的新思想，其方法论虽然是经验的，但与其他科学不同。 ...更多信息 与自然科学的区别。在此基础上，狄尔泰还借鉴了歌德的形态学，旨在建立一种能够连接自然科学和人文科学的“有机科学”。同样基于歌德的形态学，恩斯特·卡西尔的符号形式哲学构建了一种新的科学，以克服物质科学的某些局限性。卡西尔将形态学的论述从生物学和社会学提升到概念和认知的层面。卡西尔澄清说，人类的认识不仅涉及硬科学的抽象思维，而且还涉及歌德自然科学中的“具体思维”。他重申，他从歌德的形态学中学到了这种思维方法以及他的结构主义。卡罗·金兹伯格还借用了歌德的形态学，将注意力转向欧洲历史中的非欧洲因素，以揭示“另一种谱系”。在世纪的后半叶，甚至分子生物学家也参考了歌德的形态学，在歌德的诗“Urworte，orphisch”中重新发现了他们对DNA的看法，这首诗翻译过来就是：“压印的形式，生动地发展。”因此，本研究不仅追溯了歌德形态学的影响，而且为人文科学和自然科学的更有机的人文整合开辟了可能性。少

This study examines the history of the reception of Goethe's natural science from the end of the 19th century to the present, in order to reconsider the present state of the natural sciences, and to illuminate their relation with the human sciences. Goethe's natural science attracted much attention at the end of the 19th century, when the authority of the natural sciences increasingly influenced the human sciences. Some scholars saw in Goethe a way to reconceive the natural sciences or to intermediate between the natural and human sciences.Ernst Haeckel, one of the earliest exponents of Darwinism, forcefully interpreted Goethe's morphology to regard Goethe and Lamarck as forerunners of Darwin's evolutionary theory. Haeckel developed a mechanistic "recapitulative" monism that postulated a common ancestor of plants and animals, matter and spirit.Opposing Haeckel's monism, Wilhelm Dilthey proposed the new idea of "human sciences, " the methodology of which, although empirical, differs fun … More damentally from that of the natural sciences. Having made this distinction, Dilthey also drew upon Goethe's morphology to aim at an "organic science" that could bridge the natural and human sciences.Also based on Goethe's morphology, Ernst Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms constructed a new science to overcome some of the limitations of material science. Cassirer elevated the discourse of morphology from biological and social to conceptual and cognitive dimensions. Cassirer clarified that human cognition involves not only the abstract thought of the hard sciences, but also the "concrete thought" found in Goethe's natural science.Claude Levi-Strauss identified forms of "concrete thought" among "primitive peoples." He reiterated that he had learned both this method of thinking as well as his structuralism from Goethe's morphology. Carlo Ginzburg also borrows from Goethian morphology, turning his attention to non-European elements in European history in order to shed light upon "another genealogy." In the latter half of the 20th century, even molecular-biologists refer to Goethe's morphology, rediscovering their ideas of DNA in the verse of Goethe's poem "Urworte, orphisch" which translates, "Stamped form, which develops vividly."Thus the present study not only traces the influences of Goethe's morphology, but opens possibilities for a more organically humanistic integration of the human and natural sciences. Less