Peasants and Agriculture under the Second World War Period

大正时代以小村庄为基础建立的农民合作社NOUKA-KOKUMIAI具有创造更先进的农业制度的功能。这为日本根据农民利益和地区利益调整农业结构提供了宝贵的经验。但是，在第二次世界大战期间由NOUKA KOKUMIAI重组而成的NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI却没有这样的功能。这只是一种控制联想，没有自发性。有必要对这两种农民合作社在战前的性质进行区分。这是本研究的第一点，日本前近代（江户时代）以村落为主的村落，在近代仍然保持着共同体的性质。第二次世界大战期间，政府重视哈姆雷特的权力，以控制农民，缓解因人力物力不足而产生的矛盾。管理者认为哈姆雷特是一个自我维持的单位。但在第二世界的最后阶段， ...更多信息 由于战争的爆发，许多村庄无法作为自我维持的单位，因此政府不得不在更大的地区、在村一级或村间一级以及在某些情况下在县一级或县间一级进行重建。在第二次世界大战期间，我们发现了哈姆雷特的局限性以及组织农业的能力。这是第二点，对日本农民来说，农田不仅是他们耕种的农田，而且是他们从祖先那里继承下来的一种特殊财产，是他们社会地位的一种象征。因此，农地所有制和农民是紧密结合在一起的。这也是日本农业重组非常困难的最大原因之一。但第二次世界大战是“全面战争”，需要重建所有旧制度，建立大生产所不可或缺的新制度。如图2所示，在这一时期，大量的人力和物力被一次性分离，并以新的方式重新组合。这是一条宝贵的经验，即使是在“全面战争结构”的特殊情况下，也为日本农业的重组提供了许多启示。这是第三点。少

NOUKA-KOKUMIAI, a kind of peasants co-operatives established in Taisyo-era based on hamlets had a function to create a more progressive agricultural system. These had many valuable experiences to reorganize Japanese agricultural structure depending on peasant's and regional interests. But NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI, which were formed by reorganizing NOUKA-KOKUMIAI in the Second World-war Period, had no such function. This was just a control-association without spontaneity. It's necessary to make clear the difference of these two peasants co-operatives in Pre-war Period. This is the first point of the research.Hamlets which were mainly villages in Japanese pre-modern era(Edo-era) maintained the character as community still in modern era. The government in the Second World-war make much of hamlet's power to control peasants and to mitigate conflicts due to the lack of manpower and materials. The administrators considered hamlets as self-sustainable unit. But at the last stage of the Second World … More -war, many hamlets became unable to be act as self-sustainable unit, so the Government were obliged to reconstruct them in larger area, village level or inter-village level and prefecture level or inter-prefecture level in some cases. In the Second World-war Period, we found hamlet's limitations as well as the ability to organize agriculture. This is the second point.For Japanese peasants, farmland is not only farmland where they cultivate but also a special property inherited from ancestors and a kind of symbol of their social status. So, farmland-property and peasants are combined very strongly. This is one of the biggest reason why it is very difficult to reorganize Japanese agriculture. But the Second World-war was "the total war" which needed to reconstruct all of the old systems to establish new systems which was indispensable for huge-production. As shown at 2), in this period, a lot of manpower and materials were separated once, and recombined in a new way. It's a valuable experience which offered many hints to reorganize Japanese agriculture, even if these were done under extraordinary situation as "total-war-structure ". This is the third point. Less