Historical and economical analysis on individuals and groups in modern Japanese agriculture / rural villages

1)“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”是在大正和昭和战前成立的一种农民合作社。这些都是基于地理上的统一而形成的，其单位通常是村庄（通常是江户时代的村庄），传统特征往往被强调，并显示出日本农业的悠久历史。因此，到目前为止，它们没有得到积极的评价。但是，这些合作社是作为集体组织成立的。由于缺乏劳动力和农业商品而采取的自愿措施是随着大城市的发展而出现的，并以个人主义的增长和旧社区的崩溃为先决条件。它们是不同于前现代哈姆雷特组织的新的功能群。(1)许多都道府县的领导都明白，提高劳动效率是顺利管理“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”的最佳途径。(2)他们认为，只有在农业环境，特别是市场条件良好的情况下，“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”才能长期持续下去。(3)农业技术分为以下三种类型。第一类是具有空间范围的作品。第二种类型的工作，需要一些设施。第三种是其他作品。领导们认为“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”管理的瓶颈是由于。第三种是可行的，这一类型占据了当时农业技术的大部分。(4)他们发现了更重要的一点，独立解决问题的能力，管理好“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”。在他们的思想指导下，上述第三类工作所造成的问题，通过设计适当的工作组织，在一定程度上可以得到改善，因此，“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”是一种现代化的组织形式，对今天的农业问题有着重要的启示。

1) "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" are a kind of peasant cooperatives which were established in the Taisyo and Showa-Pre-War Era. These were formed based on a geographical unification whose units were usually hamlets (often villages in Edo era), and the traditional characteristics tended to be emphasized and showed long histories of Japanese agriculture. Therefore, they have not been appreciated positively so far. However, these cooperatives had been formulated as collectives. Voluntary measures due to lack of labor force and agricultural commodities followed the development of big cities and were preconditioned by the growth of individualism & collapse of old communities. They were new functional groups different from pre-modern hamlet organizations.2) The important points are as the following. (1) Many leaders of each prefectures understood that the improvement of the labor efficiency is the best way to manage "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" smoothly. (2) They thought that "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" were able to continue for a long time only when the environment for agriculture, market condition in particular, was good. (3) Agriculture technology was classified by the following three types. The first type The work which has spatial extent. The second type The work which needs some establishments. The third type The other works. The leaders thought the bottleneck of "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" management was due to. the third type works, and this type occupied the most of the agriculture technology in those days. (4) And they found one more important point, independent ability to resolve problems, to manage "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" well. By their thought, the problems which were due to the third type works, above-mentioned, could be improved by devising proper working organization, to some extent.So "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" were a kind of modern organization, and we can take a lot of significant hints for Today's agriculture problems.