Historical and economical analysis on individuals and groups in modern Japanese agriculture / rural villages

1)“农社”是一种建立于大正、昭和战前时期的农民合作社。这些都是在地理统一的基础上形成的，其单位通常是村庄（江户时代通常是村庄），传统特征往往得到强调，并显示出日本农业的悠久历史。因此，到目前为止，他们还没有得到积极的评价。但是，这些合作社是作为集体制订的。由于缺乏劳动力和农产品而导致的自愿措施伴随着大城市的发展，并以个人主义的增长和旧社区的崩溃为前提。他们是一种不同于前现代村落组织的新型功能群体。2)要点如下。(1)各县的许多领导都明白，提高劳动效率是顺利管理“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”的最佳途径。(2)他们认为只有在农业环境，特别是市场条件良好的情况下，“新农”才能够长期持续下去。(3)农业技术可分为以下三类。第一类具有空间范围的作品。第二类是需要一定场所的工作。第三种类型其他的工作。领导人们认为“新统”管理的瓶颈是由于。第三类工程，这类工程占据了当时农业技术的大部分。(4)他们发现了更重要的一点，独立解决问题的能力，管理好“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”。他们认为，通过设计合理的工作组织，可以在一定程度上改善上述第三类工作所带来的问题。所以“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”是一种现代组织，我们可以从今天的农业问题中得到很多重要的启示。

1) "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" are a kind of peasant cooperatives which were established in the Taisyo and Showa-Pre-War Era. These were formed based on a geographical unification whose units were usually hamlets (often villages in Edo era), and the traditional characteristics tended to be emphasized and showed long histories of Japanese agriculture. Therefore, they have not been appreciated positively so far. However, these cooperatives had been formulated as collectives. Voluntary measures due to lack of labor force and agricultural commodities followed the development of big cities and were preconditioned by the growth of individualism & collapse of old communities. They were new functional groups different from pre-modern hamlet organizations.2) The important points are as the following. (1) Many leaders of each prefectures understood that the improvement of the labor efficiency is the best way to manage "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" smoothly. (2) They thought that "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" were able to continue for a long time only when the environment for agriculture, market condition in particular, was good. (3) Agriculture technology was classified by the following three types. The first type The work which has spatial extent. The second type The work which needs some establishments. The third type The other works. The leaders thought the bottleneck of "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" management was due to. the third type works, and this type occupied the most of the agriculture technology in those days. (4) And they found one more important point, independent ability to resolve problems, to manage "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" well. By their thought, the problems which were due to the third type works, above-mentioned, could be improved by devising proper working organization, to some extent.So "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" were a kind of modern organization, and we can take a lot of significant hints for Today's agriculture problems.