Historical and economical analysis on individuals and groups in modern Japanese agriculture / rural villages

1)“农合”是一种农民合作社，成立于战前的大正和昭和时代。这些都是在地理统一的基础上形成的，其单位通常是小村庄(通常是江户时代的村庄)，而且倾向于强调传统特征，并展示了日本农业的悠久历史。因此，到目前为止，他们并没有得到积极的评价。然而，这些合作社是作为集体来制定的。由于缺乏劳动力和农产品，自愿性措施伴随着大城市的发展，并以个人主义的增长和旧社区的崩溃为先决条件。它们是不同于前现代村落组织的新的功能集团。2)要点如下。(1)各地市多位领导认识到，提高劳动效率才是顺利治理NOUKAKOKUMIAI的最好办法。(2)他们认为只有在农业环境特别是市场条件良好的情况下，才能持续很长一段时间。(3)将农业技术分为以下三种类型。第一类是具有空间广度的作品。第二类是需要一些设施的工作。第三种类型，另一种工作。领导们认为“无卡”管理的瓶颈是由于。第三种类型起作用，这种类型占据了当时农业技术的大部分。(4)他们发现了一个更重要的点，独立解决问题的能力，来管理好“NOUKAKOKUMIAI”。他们认为，通过设计适当的工作组织，上述第三类工作所产生的问题可以在一定程度上得到改善。因此，NOUKAKOKUMIAI是一种现代组织，对我们今天的农业问题有很多重要的启示。

1) "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" are a kind of peasant cooperatives which were established in the Taisyo and Showa-Pre-War Era. These were formed based on a geographical unification whose units were usually hamlets (often villages in Edo era), and the traditional characteristics tended to be emphasized and showed long histories of Japanese agriculture. Therefore, they have not been appreciated positively so far. However, these cooperatives had been formulated as collectives. Voluntary measures due to lack of labor force and agricultural commodities followed the development of big cities and were preconditioned by the growth of individualism & collapse of old communities. They were new functional groups different from pre-modern hamlet organizations.2) The important points are as the following. (1) Many leaders of each prefectures understood that the improvement of the labor efficiency is the best way to manage "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" smoothly. (2) They thought that "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" were able to continue for a long time only when the environment for agriculture, market condition in particular, was good. (3) Agriculture technology was classified by the following three types. The first type The work which has spatial extent. The second type The work which needs some establishments. The third type The other works. The leaders thought the bottleneck of "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" management was due to. the third type works, and this type occupied the most of the agriculture technology in those days. (4) And they found one more important point, independent ability to resolve problems, to manage "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" well. By their thought, the problems which were due to the third type works, above-mentioned, could be improved by devising proper working organization, to some extent.So "NOUKAKOKUMIAI" were a kind of modern organization, and we can take a lot of significant hints for Today's agriculture problems.