A Study on the Social Support Network for Childbirth and Child Rearing

育儿育儿的母亲需要各种社会支持。然而，许多现代日本母亲与社会隔绝，被限制在家里，因此在育儿过程中感到焦虑和孤独。要改善这种状况，就需要明确社会支持网络存在、发展和发挥作用的条件。为此，我们打算描述社区中家庭和邻居日常生活中的每个社会网络，并比较目前母亲的典型案例的社会网络和战前生活主要依赖相互支持的战前社区的社会网络。1999财年，我们关注了伊纳山谷Ohshika村一个战前小型山区社区的传统社会网络和儿童养育。对访谈和实地调查收集的数据进行民族语义学分析表明，1)生活依赖于基于平等和互惠的社会网络，2)家庭成员和邻居…在2000财年，我们把重点放在了广岛市附近一个当今城市化地区的社会支持网络上。通过对育儿母亲的访谈收集到的数据进行定性分析后发现：1)社区中的母亲几乎没有网络；2)她们想要拥有网络。2001财政年度，我们对广岛市附近的一个城市化地区的育儿母亲进行了两次问卷调查，以了解母亲的状况对她们的社会网络和支持起决定性作用。多因素分析表明，1)社会支持随着对朋友社会水平的担忧、害羞和失业而降低，2)有工作的母亲的育儿焦虑程度较低。这些结果表明，养育子女的母亲的社会支持应该是一种基于社区的整体支持，而不是假设母亲只专注于养育孩子。较少

Child bearing and rearing mothers need various kinds of social support. Many modern Japanese mothers, however, are isolated from the society and confined to home, and thus feel anxiety and loneliness during child rearing. To improve such situation it is required to clarify the conditions for social support network to exist, develop, and work. For this purpose we intended to describe each social network in daily life of the families and neighbors in the community, and compare the social network of representative cases of present mothers and that of a pre-war community where the life largely relied on mutual support.In the fiscal year 1999, we focused on the traditional social network and child rearing in a pre-war small mountain community in Ohshika Village, Ina Valley. An ethnogrphic analsis of the data collected through interviews and field surveys revealed that 1) the life depended on the social network based on equality and reciprocity and 2) the household members and the neighbors … More shared the responsibility of child rearing.In the fiscal year 2000, we focused on the social support network in a present urbanized area neighboring Hiroshima City. A qualitative analysis of the data collected through interviews with child rearing mothers revealed that 1) the mothers there have little netwark in the community and 2) they want to have it.In the fiscal year 2001, we carried out a set of two questionnaire surveys on child rearing mothers in an urbanized area neighboring Hiroshima City in order to find out the conditions of mothers decisive to their social network and support. Quantitative analyses with multivariate methods revealed that 1) the social support decreases with a) worries about the social level of the possible friends, b) shyness, and c) being jobless and 2) the mothers with jobs have lower anxiety of child rearing.These results indicate that the social support for child rearing mothers should be a holistic one based on the community and developed without assuming mothers to devote themselves exclusively in child rearing. Less