Psychophysiological study on attention mechanism and its trainability for athletes

本研究旨在探讨运动员在竞技状态下的注意机制及其可训练性，以期达到高水平的成绩。首先，采用认知风格测验(CST)对不同类型运动员的注意机制引发的认知风格进行了研究。结果表明，具有旁白注意的运动员具有较长的注意时间。与注意广度的运动员相比，CST将田径或游泳归类为场独立认知风格。网球、篮球或足球，取决于当了几年的拨球手。本研究的第二个目的是考察注意机制与情绪，特别是运动焦虑、任务难度知觉和对手之间的关系。低特质焦虑的运动员即使在相对困难的任务条件下也表现出了一致性和高水平的表现。这一结果表明，注意机制受情绪因素的控制。在第三个实验中，通过脑电从心理生理学的角度考察了音乐对持续注意的影响。结果表明，额区脑电偏侧系数与浓度有关。在最后一个实验中，心率生物反馈训练被用来增强对自主神经活动的感知，并找出对注意力能力训练有用的促进程序。经过3个月的生物反馈训练，受试者获得了放松反应和持续注意能力。这些研究的结果表明，通过生物反馈训练获得了对竞赛情境要求触发注意机制的能力。

The purpose of this study was to examine the attention mechanism and its trainability in competitive situation for athletes to achieve the high performance. At first cognitive style triggered by the attention mechanism for various sports players was investigated by utilizing the Cognitive Style Test (CST). The results showed that athletes who had narrrow attention span. track and field or swimming were categorized as field-independent cognitive style by CST in comparison with the athletes who had width attention span. tennis, basketball, or soccer, depending with the years as a plaryer. The second purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attention mechanism and emotion, especially athletic anxiety, with perceived task difficulty and opponents. Athletes with low trait anxiety showed their consistent and high performance even in the relatively difficult task conditions. This result suggested that attention mechanism was controlled by the emotional factors. In the third experiments, effectiveness of music on sustained attention was investigated from psychophysiological standpoints by using electroencephalogram (EEG). The result showed that laterality coefficients of EEG in the frontal area was associated with concentration. In the last experiment, heart rate (HR) biofeedback training was employed to enhance the perception of autonomic nervous activity and to identify the useful facilitating procedure for training in attention ability. After 3 months biofeedback training, subjects acquired the relaxation response and sustainable attention ability. The results of these studies showed that the ability to trigger the attention mechanism on the requirements of the competitive situation was acquired by biofeedback training.