A Study on the Actual Conditions of Japanese Language Textbooks Censorship during the Early Post-War Period.

(1)教科书审查的目的为了使教育课程民主化，换句话说，为了消除极端民族主义、军国主义和神道教，为了顺利地进行占领，换句话说，为了避免对总司令部政策的任何批评，在各个领域实施了审查（例如：G.广播、戏剧、报纸、杂志、电影等）。沿着前一个目的，教科书审查也被强加。这种审查从占领开始一直持续到结束，涵盖了从国家教科书，包括临时教科书到早期批准的教科书的发展。在审查过程中，必须向总司令部提交三份教科书的翻译版本。(2)教科书审查的范围教科书审查主要是在“内容”和“表达方式”方面进行的，细分如下：“内容”：不民主;诋毁他人人格;妨碍学生进步;反对禁止虐待动物;描述残忍;失去美感;误导外国人;不适合健康;描述过于复杂，难以理解;错误或不准确的描述;不必要的描述;在学术界不被承认的描述，“表达”：不准确，不适当或夸大的表达;不准确的插图和插图误导或与其解释不匹配;不适当或误导性的研究;不充分;不准确或不完整的解释甚至没有解释，作出虚假陈述。(3)教科书审查的特点大众传播审查的特点是检查总司令部的职业政策，换句话说，是对成年人的审查。另一方面，教科书审查在培育民主方面起着主导作用，换句话说，审查对儿童的未来起着主导作用。

(1) The purpose of textbook censorshipIn order to democratize the educational curriculum, in other words, to eliminate ultranationalism, militarism and Shintoism and to conduct the occupation smoothly, in other words, to avoid any criticism of GHQ policy, censorship was imposed in various areas (e. g. broadcasting, plays, newspapers, magazines, movies etc.). Along with the former purpose, textbook censorship was imposed as well. This censorship lasted from the beginning to the end of occupation, covering the development from the national textbooks, including the provisional textbooks, to the early authorized textbooks. In the censorship process, three copies of a translated version of a textbook had to be submitted to GHQ.(2) Areas of textbook censorshipTextbook censorship was mainly conducted on "contents" and "expressions" with subcategories as follows : "contents": not democratic ; despising other's personality ; deteriorating students' progress ; against the prevention of cruelty to animals ; describing cruelty ; losing beauty ; misleading foreign people ; inappropriate for health ; descriptions which are too complex to understand ; wrong or inaccurate descriptions ; unnecessary descriptions ; descriptions which are not acknowledged in the academic field, "expressions" : inaccurate, inappropriate or exaggerated expressions ; inaccurate illustrations and illustrations which are misleading or do not match with their explanation ; inappropriate or misleading research ; insufficient ; inaccurate or incomplete explanation or even no explanation, making false statements.(3) Characteristics of textbook censorshipThe mass communication censorship had the characteristic of checking GHQ' s occupation policy, in other words, the censorship of adults. On the other hand, textbook censorship had a leading role to nourish democracy, in other words, the censorship towards the future of children.