Cognitive Bias for Human Information Processingin Anxiety and Depression

焦虑和抑郁作为一种情绪障碍，从认知心理学的角度讨论了认知信息加工的扭曲。在不同加工阶段观察到的扭曲通常被称为认知偏差，从注意、记忆和解释的角度对其进行了研究。虽然指出认知偏差的程度是由个人特质和情绪状态决定的，但以往的研究并不能很好地控制这些因素。因此，本报告控制了个人特质和情绪状态，即我们使用焦虑和抑郁的人格测试来选择受试者，并使用情绪诱导程序来引出特定的情绪。我们检查了五个实验，涉及以下四个主题。(1)焦虑注意偏倚与负性情绪维持：高特质焦虑被试对威胁性词语表现出注意偏倚，并维持负性情绪。注意偏误输入的消极信息可能促进消极情绪的产生。(2)注意偏倚与记忆偏倚的关系：高、低特质焦虑被试在负性情绪中存在注意偏倚，而大腿特质焦虑被试在负性情绪中存在内隐记忆偏倚。特质焦虑对认知偏差的影响可能与加工资源的部分分布有关。(3)控制过程下注意偏向与应对方式的关系：在焦虑意识和控制过程下，趋近型应对的敏感者对威胁性言语表现出警惕性偏向，回避型应对的压抑者对威胁性言语表现出回避性偏向。(4)抑郁症的解释偏见：抑郁源图式激活了对模糊图像的消极解释。

Anxiety and depression, which has been as emotional disorders, has been discussed as distortions of cognitive information processing from cognitive psychological approach. Distortions observed in various processing stages were generally called the cognitive bias, which was investigated by perspectives on attention, memory, and interpretation. Though the degrees of the cognitive biases were pointed out to determine by personal traits and emotional states, previous studies could not control these factors carefully. Therefore, the present report controlled personal traits and emotional states, that is, we used personality tests for anxiety and depression to select subjects and the mood induction procedure to elicit specific emotion. We examined five experiments concerning below four themes.(1) Attentional bias in anxiety and maintenance of negative mood : High trait anxiety subjects showed attentional bias to threatening words and maintained negative mood. Input of negative information by attentional bias might facilitate negative mood.(2) Relationship between attentional bias and memory bias : Attentional bias was observed in negative mood for high and low trait anxiety subjects, while implicit memory bias was shown by thigh trait anxiety ones. The difference between trait anxiety on cognitive biases might be explained by partial distributions of processing resources.(3) Relationship between attentional bias and coping style under controlled process : Under conscious and controlled process in anxiety, sensitizer who had approach-type coping showed vigilant bias to threatening words, while represser who had avoidant-like coping did avoidant bias to threatening words.(4) Interpretation bias in depression : Depressogenic schemata activated negative interpretations about ambiguous pictures.