Research for Preschool Children's Gender Socialization

摘要本研究旨在探讨学前儿童的性别社会化。我进行了四种研究或分析。主要研究结果如下：(1)儿童大众传媒内容分析：对2001年春秋两季播出的35档儿童电视节目和112本儿童图书进行了分析。在这两种媒体中，女性的代表性都低于男性。此外，妇女的职业和私人作用也受到限制。(2)幼儿园和日托中心的参与性观察：2000年7月至2001年3月，2001年11月在宫崎县北部的两所日托中心和广岛市的一所幼儿园进行了为期36天的观察。从性别期望和社会互动的角度分析儿童对电视卡通节目的偏好和他们最喜欢的颜色。在孩子们的游戏中发现了性别分化。老师们用性别分类来给孩子分组，而他们对待孩子的方式通常是不分性别的。(3)教师访谈：在2001年11月和12月对幼儿园和托儿中心的教师进行了访谈。他们被问及孩子们的游戏、媒体偏好、与孩子们的互动以及他们过去与性别相关的经历。他们的回答显示，他们认为性别分类是理所当然的，他们过去与性别相关的经历影响了他们与孩子的互动。(4)家长问卷：2001年3月，对161名学龄前儿童家长进行了三份问卷调查，一份是关于自己的孩子，一份是关于女性家长的性别观，一份是关于男性家长的性别观。父母在青春期的经历与他们的性别态度有关。父母的性别态度也与对待孩子的方式有关。本研究发现，学龄前儿童的性别社会化是一个复杂的过程，在这个过程中，学龄前儿童本身是积极的行动者。少

The purpose of this research is to examine gender socialization in preschool children. I conducted four kinds of research or analysis. Main results are as follows :(1) ContentAnalysis of Mass Media for Children : 35 TV programs for children aired in Spring and Autumn 2001 and 112 Children's books were analysed. Women were less represented than men in both media. Moreover, the occupational and private roles for women were restricted.(2) Participant Observation in Kindergarten and Daycare/childcare Center : For 36 days, since July 2000 - March 2001, and November 2001, observation was conducted at two daycare/childcare centers in North area of Miyazaki Prefecture and a kindergarten in Hiroshima Prefecture. Children's preference for TV cartoon programs and their favorite colors were analysed in terms of gender expectation and social interaction. Gender division was found in the play of the children. Teachers used gender-categories for grouping children, while their treatment of the childre … More n was usually gender-free.(3) Interviews with Teachers : Teachers at the kindergarten and childcare centers were requested for interviews during November and December 2001. They were asked questions about the children's play, media preferences, interaction with the children, and their past gender-related experiences. Their responses revealed that they take gender-categories for granted, and their past gender-related experiences influence their interaction with children.(4) Parent Questionnaires : During March 2001, 161 preschool children's parents responded to three kinds of questionnaire : one was about their children, one for the female parent's views on gender and another for the male parent's views on gender. Parents' experiences during adolescence related to their gender attitudes. The gender attitudes of parents also related to treatment of their children.The present study found that gender socialization in preschool children is a complex process in which preschool children themselves are active agents. Less