Archaeological Study on the Tax Collection of the Rice in Ancient Japan

在古代日本，以储藏大米的形式存在着“果穗”（未去壳的稻谷）和“穗”（稻穗）。两者通常都储存在Kura（一个高层仓库）。但对于后者，它有时被储存在奥库（一个低楼层或地下仓库）。仓（官方粮仓）由国仓（储存国户的仓）和永仓（储存英户的仓）组成。Shoso遗址中库拉的平均建筑面积高达50平方米。一般来说，国画的平面尺度和高度都比国画大。梁线长度为9米以上（楼面面积为50米²以上）的库拉很有可能被称为“国索”，而5米以下（20米²以下）的小规模库拉则很有可能被称为“英索”。库拉内村和有影响力的人的住所集中在25平方米以内。所以我们可以认为这些小规模的仓房通常是Eiso，如果它们是米仓的话。这意味着农民接下来收获的基本上是Eito形式的大米，打Eito对农民来说应该是额外的工作。然后，对于当地有影响力的阶层来说，长期以国户的形状储存大米是没有必要的，然后表明它是以荣户的形状收集和保存的，因为荣户适合于高利贷的管理。有影响力的阶层在他们的农业管理设施中有米仓。据此推测，这些粮仓在农场经营和私人高利贷经营中起着重要的作用。

There were Kokuto (the rice grain which was not husked) and Eito (the rice ear) in the form of the stored rice in ancient Japan. Both were often stored in Kura (a high floor warehouse). But as for the latter, it was sometimes stored in Oku (a low floor or earth floor warehouse). Shoso (official granaries) were composed by Kokuso (Kura which Kokuto were stored in) and Eiso (Kura which Eito were stored in).The average of floorage of Kura in the remains of Shoso is as much as 50 m^2. And generally the plane scale and the height of a Kokuso are larger than Eiso. The possibility is high that Kura of the length of the beam line of 9m and more (beyond floorage 50 m^2) was built as Kokuso, and the small-scale Kura under 5m (under 20 m^2) was built as Eiso.Kura inside the village and the influential person's residence is concentrated on less than 25 m^2. So it can be thought that these small-scale Kura is generally Eiso, if they were rice granaries. This means the next things that the farmer harvested fundamentally rice in the form of Eito, and the threshing Eito should be extra work for the farmer. Then, for the local class of an influential person, it was unnecessary to store up rice in the shape of Kokuto in a long time, and then it is shown that is was collected and kept in the shape of Eito, because Eito was suitable for the management of the usury.And the class of influential persons had rice granaries inside their agriculture management facilities. Then, these rice granaries are presumed to play an important part for the farm management and the private usury management.