Representation of Space and Time and its Relation to Jenre and Visual Culture in Hardy's Novels

本文的研究目的是追溯哈代小说从早期到后期的创作脉络，探究哈代小说是如何从田园小说转向悲剧小说的，以及这种一般性的转变是如何引起时空表征的变化的，并具体分析当代视觉文化是如何影响哈代的空间表征的。就空间而言，早期的小说以田园模式写作，表现了自然与人类的和谐关系，并有一个象征性的中心，如一棵古老的橡树和一个剪羊毛的马厩，在那里村民正在庆祝婚礼和做传统的工作。他们牢牢地扎根在威塞克斯的土壤里。他们所经历的时间是一个自然的循环时间，有四个季节，这是一个人类的时间。但由于现代科学技术的进步，如地质和进化思想和铁路，以及现代资本主义的出现，甚至在农业中，农村人被迫过着一种运动的生活，试图在他们的故土之外的某个地方建立他们的身份。但这一尝试的失败构成了哈代主要人物的悲剧命运。在时间上，现代的线性时间开始取代人类的时间，因为它涵盖了人类无法想象的长时间跨度，它开始忽视人类感受到的田园时间，为巨大时间尺度的悲剧性把握铺平了道路。在第一章和第二章中，对德贝维尔家的苔丝和无名的裘德进行了详细的讨论，并适当地考虑了上面提到的几点。

The purpose of this research paper is to trace Hardy's novels from earlier period to later one, and to find how they have shifted from pastoral to tragedy, how this generic shift has caused the changing representations of space and time, and specifically to analyze how contemporary visual culture affects his representation of space. In terms of space the earlier novels are written in pastoral mode and represent harmonious relationship between nature and humanity and have as an indication of communal stability a symbolic centre such as an ancient oak tree and a sheep shearing stable, where village people are celebrating a wedding and doing a traditional job. They are firmly rooted in the Wessex soil. The time they are experiencing is a circular time of nature with four seasons and this is, as it were, a human time. But due to the modern advance of science and technology, such as geological and evolutionary idea and railway, and the advent of modern capitalism even in agriculture rural people are obliged to lead a life of movement trying to establish their identity somewhere outside their native land. But the failure of this attempt comprises tragic fate of Hardy's main characters. In terms of time modern linear time is starting to take the place of human time, and as this covers the long time span humans cannot imaginatively comprehend it starts to disregard humanly felt pastoral time and paves the way to tragic grasp of vast time scale. In chapter one and two Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure are discussed in detail with due regard for the points mentioned above.