From Sin to Crime : A Study of Early Modem English Ballads, Pamphlets, and Drama

这项研究最初旨在更深入和更广泛地了解早期现代英国城市喜剧的语境。这些戏剧中要处理的冲突与早期现代宗教戏剧和插曲中上帝和普通人之间的冲突发生了戏剧性的变化，而伊丽莎白晚期和雅各比城市喜剧则在经济怪物资本主义的问题上寻求推动人与人关系的情节冲突的燃料。也就是说，资本主义将宗教戏剧中的惩罚救赎计划转变为有钱人和欠债人之间的犯罪惩罚拯救计划，这导致了经济制度的外来者或失败者--他们作为社会新生的敌人，相应地被视为社会秩序的外来者。因此，许多世俗的小册子和民谣把这样的外来者视为“陌生人”：他们用一种叫做“小贩法语”的奇怪的语言来表示，通过小册子新闻的过程，他们从对社会…的威胁转变为更喜欢滑稽的替罪羊。值得注意的是，这样的小小册子逐渐建立了主流历史；最后，拉斐尔·霍林舍德的编年史包含了威廉·哈里森改编的托马斯·哈曼的《坎廷词典》，然而，这本词典又可以追溯到最近的约翰·奥德雷。因此，带有大‘H’的历史有时有助于编造外来者：吉普赛人、佩德勒人或其他经济上的‘少数族裔’，被社会其余部分系统地排除和禁止。小册子的形式与其内容同样重要：两套字符(即英语(黑字母)和罗马(白字母)共存。虽然这些小册子大多是用黑色字母印刷的，但佩德勒的法语是用罗马字符显示的。以《伏尔盖特圣经》或基督教人文主义的著作为例，罗马字母可能会带有某种内涵，即人类智力的多样性并不一定是人们所希望的新趋势。至于本质上倾向于保守的民谣，关于罪过和犯罪的新旧话语自然可以相互配合，形成强有力的男低音连续曲，支持小册子的“道德”。在戏剧上，我们会看到这样的小贩被视为聪明的傻瓜、心怀不满的人或疯人院的汤姆；这可能在某种程度上表明了“道德尺度”的缺陷。简而言之，一些电视剧恢复了那些看似局外人的荣誉和美德，也是在喜剧的氛围中。较少

This study originally aimed at deeper and wider understandings of contexts surrounding early modern English city comedies. The conflicts to be dealt with in those dramas drastically shifts from that between the God and Everyman in early modern religious plays and Interludes, while late Elizabethan and Jacobean city comedies seeks their fuel for plot-driving conflicts in human-human relationships over economical monster called Capitalism. That is, Capitalism transforms the Crime-Punishment-Salvation scheme in religious plays into that between those who have and those who owes, which leads to the advance of outsiders or drop-outs of economical system -they, as newly invented enemy to the society, would accordingly be treated as outsiders of social order. Thus many secular pamphlets and ballads treat such outsiders as "strangers" : they are signified with strange tongue called 'pedlers French' and through the course of pamphlet journalism, they are transformed from the threat to the socie … More ty to comical scapegoats.Significantly enough, such minor pamphlets gradually build up the mainstream history ; at last, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicle contains William Harrison's adaptation of Thomas Harman's 'Canting Dictionary', which, however, further goes back to John Awdelay at nearest. History with large 'H" thus sometimes contributes to the fabrication of outsiders : Gypsies, Pedlers, or other economic 'minorities' to be systematically excluded and banned by the rest of the society.The form of pamphlets is no less important than its contents : two sets of characters (i. e. English (Black letters) and Roman (white letters) coexist. While most of those pamphlets are printed with Black letter, Pedlers French are shown with Roman characters. With the cases of Vulgate Bible or writings of Christian Humanism, Roman letters would potentially carry some connotation of 'not necessarily-desired new trends for variety of human intellect.'As for ballads which tend to be conservative in its nature, both old and new discourses concerning Sin and crime could naturally be co-operated to form a strong basso-continuo which supports the 'moral' of the pamphlets. On dramas, we would see such pedlers treated as wise fools, malcontents, or Tom of Bedlam ; that might somehow signifies the drawbacks of 'moral scale'. In short, some dramas restores those seeming outsiders' honor and virtue, also in comic atmosphere. Less