On body in modern Chinese thoughts and culture : An analysis based on gender studies

在与国家政策和家庭模式相关的历史条件下，发展我最近对19世纪末至20世纪初从西方到亚洲盛行的反缠足运动和优生思想的研究，我考察了现代中国女性的身体是如何形成的，如何被训练或控制，在整个国家建设和参与社会达尔文主义导向的世界，而中国处于失去领土的危险之中。在本研究中，我采用性别研究的方法，分析了杂志、报纸等新媒体中的各种表现形式，指出新女性必须利用优生学和节育这两种国家对人们生育的控制来对抗儒家父权制。从中国到欧洲的西方人寄来的明信片上，画着裹脚的女人的尸体，我也发现了帝国主义者或东方主义者的眼睛。同样的眼光不仅出现在内化西方的中国知识分子身上，而且也出现在部分内化男性、在一定程度上走出私人领域进入公共领域的知识分子女性身上。这些知识分子将裹足不前的女性视为“中国落后”的象征。例如，受过高等教育的中国男女都看不起被日本殖民的韩国人，而不是指责日本人的不公正。

Developing my recent research on the anti-footbinding movement and the eugenic idea which had prevailed from the West to Asia from late 19^<th> century to early 20^<th> century under historical conditions related to national policy and model of family, I examined how body of modern Chinese women had shaped and had been trained or controlled to be nationalized throughut the period in which nation was built and involved in the world oriented by social Darwinism while China was in danger of losing her territory. In this study, taking the gender studies approach, I analyzed various representations in new media such as magazines and newspapers and pointed out new women had to make use of eugenics and birth control both of which were national control over people's reproduction to fight against Confucian patriarchy. Observing postcards, on which bodies of footbounded women were illustrated, sent by the Westerners from China to Europe, I also found the eyes of Empire or Orientalist. The similar eyes could be found not only in Chinese intellectuals who internalized the West and looked down footbounded women, who took time to liberate their feet, as the symbol of 'Chinese backwardness' but also in intellectual women who partly internalized the men and stepped out of private sphere to public sphere to some extent. Fox example, both Chinese men and women who were highly educated looked down Korean people colonized by Japanese rather than accused Japanese of injustice.