Chinese concept of National Identity and Gender : Case of Late Qing and Republic China Ara

我研究了谭四同和梁琦的案例，研究了近代中国的优生学史，研究了反缠足运动。因此，笔者发现，性别视角对于研究晚清和民国时期在社会达尔文主义的强烈影响下建构起来的近代中国民族认同是有帮助的。在我看来，从私人领域走出公共领域的女性开始被视为国家之母，并被组织起来，以巩固和拯救国家。在中国的现代化进程中，男性维新派开始倡导废除缠足，这是一种与性别意识形态有关的时尚。因为他们认为这是中国落后的象征，并为此感到羞愧。而多年来缠着脚看起来像一个文明而迷人的女士的女人，曾经在身体上遭受过一次痛苦。然后他们被羞辱，最后被迫遭受精神创伤。这可以说是对民族母亲及其身体建构的一次启蒙。而在五四时期，为了摆脱父权制而来追求爱情匹配的女性身体完全被国家控制，在节育的同时深度参与优生学。我证明了中国优生学最初是通过日本著作传播的，传播的是被称为鲁迅小弟的周建人和潘光丹教授。优生学的影响在当时包括鲁迅、周作人在内的许多知识分子中可见一斑。

I studied the case of Tan Si-tong and Liang Qi-chao, history of Eugenics in Modern China, and anti-footbinding movement. As a result, I found gender approach would be useful to study Modern Chinese national identity which had been constructed under the strong influence of Social Darwinism in Late Qing and Republic China.In my opinion, women who had been coming out from private sphere to public sphere came to be regarded and organized as mother of nation in order to strengthen and salve nation. In the process of modernization of China, male reformers began to advocate to abolish footbinding, a sort of fashion related with gender ideology. It was because they found it as symbol of backwardness of China and came to be ashamed of it. While women who bound their feet for many years to be looked like a civilized and charming lady had physically suffered once. And then they got to be humiliated and forced to have psychic trauma at last. It can be regarded as an initiation to construct national mother and its body. And in May Fourth era the bodies of women who came to pursue love match to be liberated from patriarchy were totally put under national control by being deeply involved in eugenics along with birth control. I proved Chinese eugenics originally came through Japanese works and was spread by Zhou Jian-ren, known as a youngest brother of Luxun, and Professor Pan Guang-dan. The influence of eugenics can be seen among many intellectuals of that time including Luxun and Zhou Zuo-ren.