Brain distributed memory network : Towards the integration of functional imaging study and single-unit neurophysiology.

1.我们使用4.7T MRI系统（BioSpec 47/40; Bruker BioSpin）成功地为猕猴推出了功能性脑映射系统。我们现在可以获得整个大脑的单次激发EPI图像，平面内空间分辨率为1.25mmx1.5mm。我们发表了许多关于使用该系统在猴子中进行功能性MRI（fMRI）的重要论文（见下文）。我们建立了一种新的方法，该方法直接将从警觉行为的猴子获得的用于高级认知任务的激活图与从人类获得的激活图进行比较（Nakahara等人，2002年）。它首先被应用于威斯康星州卡片分类测验的神经机制的调查。结果表明，猴的弓状沟前壁与人类的额下回背侧部分在功能上具有同源性。这份报告在《科学》杂志（2002年第295卷，第5559期）的封面内页上作了重点介绍。我们还确定了皮质眼动相关的AR和皮质神经元之间的功能同源性。 ...更多信息 在猴子中的EAS（e.例如，在一个实施例中，FEF，LIP）和人类中的那些（Koyama等人，2004年）。我们开发了一种新的方法，该方法使我们能够使用4.7T MRI系统以100 μ m的空间分辨率在猴脑中定位微电极尖端（Matsui等人，2007年）。在该方法中，磁化率诱导效应增强了微电极尖端的可检测性，微电极尖端通常占据小于图像体素体积的百分之几。它开辟了一个新的视角，在灵长类动物大脑皮层层中的微电极记录位点的定位允许分析记录的神经元活动和潜在的解剖连接之间的关系。我们揭示了认知记忆的以下机制：（1）猴下颞叶（IT）皮层中长期联想记忆的前向加工，特别是从TE区到36区的联想编码的出现（Naya et al.，2003），（2）与长期记忆形成相关的从TE区到36区的纤维投射的解剖学重组（Yoshida等人，2003），（3）与工作记忆更新相关的前额叶神经元活动（Ohbayashi等人，2003;福岛等人，2004），和（4）在IT皮层中主动维持关联记忆信号（Takeda等人，2005年）。我还综合了这些观察，并提出了认知记忆系统的全局视图（Miyashita，2004）。少

1. We successfully launched a functional brain mapping system for macaque monkeys using a 4.7T MRI system (BioSpec47/40; Bruker BioSpin). We can now obtain single-shot EPI images of the entire brain with an in-plane spatial resolution of 1.25mmx1.5mm. We published many important papers (see below) on the functional MRI (fMRI) in monkeys using this system.2. We established a new method which directly compares an activation map obtained from alert behaving monkeys for high-level cognitive tasks with that from humans (Nakahara et al., 2002). It was first applied to the investigation of neural mechanisms underlying correct performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. It revealed a functional homology between the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus in monkeys and the dorsal part of the inferior frontal gyrus in humans. This report was highlighted on the inner cover of Science (Vol. 295, No. 5559, 2002). We also identified a functional homology between the cortical eye-movement-related ar … More eas in monkeys (e. g., FEF, LIP) and those in humans (Koyama et al., 2004).3. We developed a novel method that enables us to locate the microelectrode tip in monkey brains at the spatial resolution of 100um using the 4.7T MRI system (Matsui et al., 2007). In this method, the susceptibility-induced effect enhances the detectability of the microelectrode tip, which usually occupies less than a few percent of the volume of an image voxel. It opens a new perspective, in which the localization of microelectrode recording sites in the layers of primate cerebral cortex permits the analysis of relationships between recorded neuronal activities and underlying anatomical connections.4. We revealed the following mechanisms of cognitive memory: (1) forward processing of long-term associative memory in monkey inferotemporal (IT) cortex, particularly, the emergence of associative encoding from area TE to area 36 (Naya et al.,2003), (2) anatomical reorganization of fiber projections from area TE to area 36 related to long-term memory formation (Yoshida et al., 2003), (3) prefrontal neuronal activity related to update of working memory (Ohbayashi et al., 2003; Fukushima et al., 2004), and (4) active maintenance of associative mnemonic signal in IT cortex (Takeda et al., 2005). I also synthesized these observations and proposed a global view of the cognitive memory system (Miyashita, 2004). Less