Understanding of heat and water balance, and evapotranspiration characteristics on Asian monsoon area with one-dimensional land surface models

采用一维陆面模式（2LM）模拟东西伯利亚雅库茨克的针叶林。落叶松林与草地相比，模拟的潜热通量较小（感热通量较大），与观测结果基本一致。在2LM模型中引入Jarvis气孔导度模型，并对2LM模型进行了拟合。两个参数集确定与测量植物生理学家在几个地点在东北亚。一个是通过在每个站点的原位测量获得的;另一个是通过合并所有数据确定的，并且是所有站点共有的。用这两个参数集模拟了相似的水分和能量通量的季节过程，在泰国北方的旱季后期观察到蒸腾高峰。这意味着雨季积累的深层土壤水被利用了。通过对不同生根深度的试验，采用多层模型模拟了4 ~ 5 m生根深度下的蒸腾峰值和年径流量，并引入CO2和水溶液的扩散过程，模拟了土壤的热、水环境和土壤呼吸。该模型适用于泰国北方万年青林，对土壤温度、含水量、CO2浓度和土壤呼吸的观测剖面进行了合理的模拟。

A one-dimensional land surface model (2LM) including two vegetation layers was adapted to taiga larch forest in Yakutsk eastern Siberia. Small latent heat (large sensible heat) flux was simulated in the larch forest compared with a grass land, it corresponds to observation. It is explained by small leaf area contributing transpiration even if there are no differences on leaf physiological characteristics between larch and grass.Jarvis stomatal conductance model was introduced into 2LM. Two parameter sets was determined with measurements by plant physiologists in several sites in north-east Asia. One is obtained by in situ measurements in each site ; the other is determined by pooled all data, and common to all sites. Similar seasonal courses of water and energy fluxes were simulated using these two parameter sets.Transpiration peak is observed in late dry season in northern Thailand. It means that deep soil water accumulated in rainy season was used. According to examinations with various rooting depth using a multi-layer model, the transpiration peak and annual runoff were simulated with 4 to 5 meters of rooting depth.In order to simulate heat and water environment in soil and soil respiration, diffusion processes of carbon dioxide and water solutions were introduced into the model. The model was adapted to evergreen forest in northern Thailand ; observed profile of soil temperature, water content and carbon dioxide concentration, and soil respiration were reasonably simulated.