Reconstructition of the Notion of ‘Prestation'

任何合同都是根据当事人的意愿由各种要素构成的。尽管每一种合同都有不同的形式，但日本民法典只规定了某些典型的合同类型。因此，有必要对商业合同进行分类，使典型合同的规定适用于每一个合同。例如，我们必须知道佣金和合伙之间的区别是什么，以便适用《民法典》规定的典型合同的相关规定。系统识别合同的关键概念是“预设”。给付是构成合同的每一项义务的客体。在本研究中，我将给付的概念分为两类，即契约性给付和契约性给付。物的给付是可触知的，如交付物的义务、绘画的义务;物的给付是不可触知的，如物权移转的义务、担保的义务。笔者认为，这种分类可以作为分析合同的出发点，而合同随着前置条件的组合而变得越来越复杂。我的著作为法国民法理论做出了贡献，因为让·卡尔博尼耶和其他法国学者如文森特、安塞尔、西姆勒和皮尼亚雷都引用了它。我很满意我的著作能够克服法律制度的差异，并为创造一个共同的思想论坛做出贡献。虽然我的工作在日本还没有得到很大的学术认可，但这种工作对日本法律的国际化至关重要。

Every contract consists of various elements according to wills of the contracting parties. Even though there is diversity to each contract, Japanese Civil Code stipulates only certain typical types of contracts. Therefore it is necessary to extract some kinds of merkmal so that these provisions on typical contracts can be applied to each contract. For example, we have to know what makes the difference between commission and partnership in order to apply the relevant provisions of a typical contract provided by the Civil Code. The key notion to a systematic identification of contracts is 'prestation'. Prestation is the object of each obligation that forms a contract.In the present research, I have classified the notion of 'prestation' in two groups, corporeal and incorporeal. The corporeal prestation is palpable, e.g.obligation to deliver corporeal things, or paint a picture ; the incorporeal prestation is not palpable, e.g.obligation to transfer the right of things, or obligation of guarantee. This classification, I believe, can be the starting point of analyzing the contract, which becomes more and more complicated with the combination of prestations.This research is based upon the analyses of French law. My work has contributed to the civil law theory of France, since Jean Carbonnier and other French scholars such as Vincente, Ancel, Simler and Pignarre have cited it. I am satisfied that my work is able to overcome the difference of law system and contribute to create a common forum of ideas. Although my work has not yet gained great deal of academic recognition in Japan, this kind of work is crucial for the internationalization of Japanese law.