Cultural sharedness of social cognition: Experimental and social-psychological studies based on communication analyses

采用不同方法的经验研究表明，社会认知不仅由个人内部的过程支撑，也由集体共享的过程和表征支撑。我们首先试图建立一个关于刻板印象相关信息和因果解释如何被传递和构建为集体共享知识的理论框架。在这一框架的基础上，对多个个体之间的二元对话和信息传递进行了实证研究。此外，日本和西方语言的跨语言/文化比较揭示了个人属性表征的差异和共性。另一组研究考察了个人和群体行为中的意向性知觉。结果表明，在群体被视为一个连贯的社会实体的程度上，一种行为被认为是故意的。研究还发现，责任判断与意向性判断相关。此外，我们还探讨了本质主义认知的结构及其文化共享性，并通过发展研究探讨了意向性知觉。使用错误信念范式的实验表明，基于言语线索推断他人意图的能力是在相当早的年龄获得的。其他研究考察了社会认同和透明度知觉在元认知中的作用。最后，进行了一系列关于理解他人情绪状态的跨文化研究。

Empirical studies employing diverse approaches revealed that social cognition is underpinned not only by intra-individual processes but also by collectively shared processes and representations. We first attempted to build a theoretical framework concerning how stereotype-relevant information and causal explanations are transmitted and constructed into collectively shared knowledge. On the basis of this framework, empirical investigations were conducted concerning dyadic conversations and transmission of information among multiple individuals. Also, a cross-linguistic/cultural comparison between Japanese and Western languages revealed differences and commonalities in representations of attributes of individuals.Another set of studies examined the perception of intentionality in individuals' and groups' behavior. The results indicated that an act is perceived as intentional to the extent to which the group is viewed as a coherent social entity. It was also found that the judgment of responsibility is related to the intentionality judgment. Furthermore, we explored the structure of essentialist cognition and its cultural sharedness.The perception of intentionality was also approached though developmental studies. Experiments using the false-belief paradigm revealed that the ability to make inferences on others' intention based on verbal cues is achieved at fairly early ages.Other studies examined the role of social identity and the perception of transparency in meta-cognition. Finally, a series of cross-cultural studies was conducted concerning the comprehension of others' emotional states.