The impact of the physical and chemical factors of atmospheric environment on men's environmental adaptabilities

本研究旨在阐明人体肤色多样性的分子基础，研究人体对紫外线辐射的环境适应性，以预测未来恶劣环境对人体健康风险的影响。一种是利用遥感技术识别和测量影响人类的大气环境的物理/化学因素(即紫外线和红外线，如太阳辐射能量)。二是在分子、基因、细胞和个体水平上，通过这些因素或一个因素的组合，阐明男性形态/功能多样性的出现过程。居住在俄亥俄州托莱多的122名白人参与了这项研究。测量他们的背部和脸颊的黑色素值作为皮肤色素沉着指数作为数量性状。他们的口腔细胞为Sa…收集了更多的样本，用于DNA提取。利用MasscodeTM&gt；系统技术进行SNP基因分型，该系统包括两步聚合酶链式反应和可裂解质谱图的平台化学，根据SNP基因分型数据计算了122名高加索人20个SNP的基因分型和等位基因频率。为了检验多个基因座(不一定在同一染色体上)的SNP等位基因的非随机关联对肤色变化(即黑色素含量低/高)的贡献，计算了20个SNPs之间的连锁不平衡系数(LD)。连锁不平衡分析采用a_x^2检验，统计学意义设为0.05。Ld下多个基因座的SNP等位基因组合通过执行独立的x2检验来联合测试与低/高黑色素的关联。分析中只使用了Hardy-Weinberg平衡假设下的数据。我们的结果表明，与低和高黑色素相关的多个基因座上的SNP等位基因并不是独立的，表明很可能存在LD结构--尽管这些等位基因不在同一条染色体上。为了确认LD与黑色素含量之间的关联，必须对非高加索人的样本进行类似的研究。我们的首要目标是利用遥感数据来澄清大气环境与SNP等位基因频率之间的相互作用，并调查环境对紫外线辐射的适应性。由此得出的数据将有助于预测环境变化对健康风险的影响，如臭氧消耗导致的高紫外线暴露。较少

The study aims to clarify molecular basis of human skin color diversity and investigate environmental adaptability to ultraviolet irradiation in order to predict human health risk influenced by severe environments in the future.Two approaches to this research are considered as the research method. The one is to identify and measure physical/chemical factors of atmospheric environment (i.e., an ultraviolet ray and infrared rays like the solar radiation energy), which affects men with the technologies of remote sensing (RS). The other is to clarify the process of men's morphological/functional diversity appearance through a reaction, adaptation, etc. to the environment by the combination of those factors or one factor at a molecule, a gene, a cell, and an individual level.One hundred and twenty-two Caucasians living in Toledo, Ohio participated in this study. Their back and cheek were measured for melanin value for skin pigmentation index as a quantitative trait. Their buccal cells as sa … More mples were collected and used for DNA extraction. DNA was used for SNP genotyping with the technology of Masscode^<TM> system that involves the two-step PCR amplification and comprises a platform chemistry of cleavable mass spectrometry tags.Genotype and allele frequencies for 20 SNPs in 122 Caucasians were calculated with the data obtained from the SNP genotyping. To examine the contribution of non-random associations of SNP alleles at multiple loci (not necessarily on the same chromosome) to skin color variation (ie, low/high melanin content), linkage disequilibrium (LD) coefficients (D) were calculated between 20 SNPs. Linkage disequilibrium was analyzed by application of a _X^2 test ; statistical significance was set at 0.05. Combinations of SNP alleles at multiple loci under LD were jointly tested for association with low/high melanin by performing a x2 test of independence. Only data under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were used in the analysis.Our results show that SNP alleles at multiple loci associated with low and high melanin are not independent and indicate a high possibility of LD structure--despite the fact that the alleles are not on the same chromosome. Similar investigations must be performed with samples from non-Caucasians in order to confirm the association of LD with melanin content.Our overarching goal is to use remote sensing data to clarify interactions between atmospheric environments and SNP allele frequency and to investigate environmental adaptability to UV irradiation. The resulting data would help in predicting the impact of environmental changes such high UV exposure secondary to ozone depletion on health risk. Less