Development of dry-seed broadcasting and adoption of rice cultivars through farmer participation in Northeast Thailand

以下是泰国东北部旱稻产区旱种播种增产的研究结果。(1)将降雨后的低地划分为易旱的上田、易涝的下田和占据大部分区域的中田，(2)在适宜的生长条件下，中低田的产量不会降低到30公斤/公顷，(3)早播(如KDML105)生育期适中的光敏感品种(如KDML105)可能会导致减产，但极低田除外。(4)旱地品种抽穗后的养分管理对维持抽穗后的生物量生产是重要的，以便在中低田获得4t/ha以上的产量；(5)犁耕对产量的提高有积极的作用，特别是在杂草田里。(6)行组合S…在水分条件较差的地块，多播种和行间除草的产量高于常规旱播。(7)一些早熟品种在生长条件较好的中低田直播时产量也较高。未来的挑战是利用模型来了解农民密集播种的有效性和局限性，特别是在不利条件下，并发明一种简单的行播装置，以加速采用行播的替代使用。泰国政府已经对水稻种子(如茉莉米)的转让进行了监管，并考虑到全球企业推进生物技术的全球形势和国际粮食和农业植物遗传资源条约(2004)的问题，鼓励增加“有机水稻”或“良好农业实践”等价值。尽管一些非政府组织致力于泰国传统水稻品种的保护和利用，但在农业层面上，泰国的水稻品种比邻国柬埔寨少得多。由于全球稻米市场的增长、国际稻米价格的变化、亚洲农业生物技术的发展和采用等不确定因素，泰国有必要继续监测水稻遗传资源管理和水稻生产。较少

The following findings were obtained for yield improvement of dry-seed broadcasting in rainfed rice producing areas in Northeast Thailand. (1) Characterize the rainfed lowlands into drought prone upper fields, flood prone lower fields, and intermediate fields that occupied majority of the areas, (2) Yield did not decrease up to 30kg/ha of seed rates under intermediate and lower fields when the growth conditions were favourbale, (3) Earlier seeding (e. g. April, May) of photoperiod sensitive cultivars with intermediate growth duration (e. g. KDML105) was likely to result in yield reduction except under very low fields, (4) Nutrient management during later growth stage was important to maintain biomass production after heading for rainfed lowland cultivars in order to obtain yields higher than 4 t/ha under intermediate and lower fields, (5) Harrowing, which often is omitted for laborsaving, had a positive effect on yield improvement, particularly in weedy fields, (6) Combination of row s … More eeding and interrow weeding yielded higher than the conventional dry-seed broadcasting in fields with unfavourable water availability, (7) Some early maturing cultivars yielded as high in direct seeding under intermediate and lower fields with favorable growing conditions. The future challenge is to use modeling to understand the effectiveness and limitation of dense seeding by farmers particularly under unfavorable conditions, and to invent a simple row seeding device to accelerate adoption of alternative use of row seeding.Thai government has regulated transfer of rice seeds (e. g. jasmine rice), and encouraged to add values such as "organic rice" or "good agricultural practice", considering the global situations of advancement of biotechnology by global enterprises and the issue of International Treaty for Food and Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources (2004). Although some NGO worked on conservation and utilization of Thai traditional rice varieties, rice cultivar variety is much less in Thailand than in its neighbor country Cambodia, on a farm level. As there are uncertain factors such as increment of global rice market, international rice price changes, and development and adoption of agricultural biotechnology in Asia, it is needed to continue to monitor rice genetic resource management and rice production in Thailand. Less