Psychological research on the conditions for activating organizations through the Management By Objectives

1)描述了20世纪80年代以来日本组织中“基于结果的评估系统”的总体进展，以及基于结果的评估系统对组织和个体的影响以及它们之间的心理关系。在此基础上，提出了以目标为特征的原则，特别是目标管理来激活组织的必要条件。2)分别从目标制定阶段、绩效评价阶段和基于评价阶段的薪酬体系的特点出发，提出并发展了衡量目标管理原则程度的新指标。3)作为最具代表性的目标管理体系，我们选择了目标管理，并回顾了目标管理在日本组织中的实施现状。并通过与领导过程的密切关系，分析了管理层收购对员工学习和工作绩效的影响。4)为了检验目标企业的有效性，新编制了两种量表。第一种是测量“情境绩效”，指的是个体在角色和任务之外付出的工作努力对同事和整个工作小组的贡献；第二种是测量小组活动的数量。研究结果表明，OBE的程度与情境绩效存在间接的正相关关系。OBE对工人之间的社会关系没有阻碍影响。

Research outcomes are as follows, and are published as a research report.1) Overall progress of "outcome-based evaluation system (OBES)" since 80' in Japanese organizations, as well as the impacts of OBES on the organization, individual, and the psychological relationship between them was described. Based on these discussions, the necessary conditions for activating organizations through the principle characterized by OBES, especially the Management By Objectives were delineated.2) New indices for measuring the degree of OBES principle were proposed and developed by paying attention to the properties of personnel and reward systems at the goal-setting stage, evaluation based on performance stage, and reward allocation based on evaluation stage, respectively.3) As a most representative system based on the OBES, we selected the Management By Objectives (MBO) and reviewed the present situations how the MBO has been carried out in the Japanese organizations. And we analyzed the effects of MBO on the employees' learning and job performance through close relationship with leadership process.4) Two kinds of scales were newly developed in order to examine the effectiveness of OBES. The first one is to measure the "contextual performance" which means the individuals contributions to peer workers and whole work group by spending work efforts beyond one's defined role and task The second one is to measure the quantity of group activities. The research findings showed that the degree of OBES had indirect, but positive relations with contextual performance. OBES did not have hindering impacts over social relations among workers.