Understanding Language Diffusion Modalities: Linguistic layers in the toponymy of the Cochabamba Valleys, Bolivia

该项目旨在了解科恰班巴山谷语言传播的模式和阶段、语言的并存和/或替代、这些语言在空间上的分布，以反映该区域农牧资源开发中存在的群体的流动性和结构。该项目通过语言传播、同居和迁移的方式促进了安第斯语言学和对安第斯过去的了解。此外，它还开发和测试了历史语言学的新方法，以克服由于缺乏书面资料和未能有效应用比较方法而带来的挑战。由于该地区(西班牙语、现代盖丘亚语、旧盖丘亚语、艾马拉、普奎纳)及其不同开发阶段(前印加、印加、殖民地)的地名种类繁多，该研究案例具有特别重要的意义。主要目的是通过研究Cochabamba山谷的中位意义、构成地名的不同成分的语言来源、它们的语法类别以及它们的形态句法来识别不同的语言层面。在此过程中，我将测试两个语言扩散模型：1)殖民时代玻利维亚克丘亚语通过城市、城镇和牧场的中继线扩散。2)印加时代盖丘亚人和艾马拉人的共同扩散或连续扩散。此外，该项目还揭示了考古学家和民族史学家通过研究哈巴克斯和地名复制品而对以前的定居点提出的问题。一些地名通常是描述性的，可能表示两个地方之间的连续性或联系，属于垂直群岛和流动性的逻辑。最后，这项研究有可能通过提取可能的普奎纳词根和与已知词根相关的语法元素来为普奎纳知识做出贡献。

This project aims to understand the modes and phases of linguistic diffusion in the valleys of Cochabamba, the linguistic copresence and/or substitution, the distribution of these languages in space as a reflection of the mobility and structuring of the groups present in the exploitation of the agropastoral resources of the region. The project contributes to Andean linguistics and the understanding of the Andean past through the modes of linguistic diffusion, cohabitation, and displacement. In addition, it develops and tests new approaches to historical linguistics to overcome the challenges posed by the absence of written sources and the failure of applying effectively the comparative method. The study case is particularly relevant because of the great toponymic variety of the region (Spanish, modern Quechua, old Quechua, Aymara, Puquina) and its different exploitation phases (pre-Inca, Inca, Colonial). The main objective is to identify the different linguistic layers spatially and temporally by studying the mesotoponymy of the valleys of Cochabamba, the linguistic origin of the different elements that constitute the toponyms, their grammatical categories, and their morphosyntactic. In doing so, I will test two linguistic diffusion models: 1) the diffusion of Bolivian Quechua in colonial times via the relays of the cities, towns, and ranchos. 2) the co-diffusion, or consecutive diffusion, of Quechua and Aymara in Inca times. Additionally, the project sheds light on the questions that archaeologists and ethnohistorians ask themselves about former settlements by studying the hapaxes and toponymic duplicates. Often descriptive, some toponyms may indicate a continuity or a link between two places falling within the logic of vertical archipelago and mobility. Finally, this study has the potential to contribute to the knowledge of Puquina by extracting possible Puquina lexical roots and grammatical elements associated with those already known.