Impact of Participatory Forest Management in India : From the Viewpoint of Poverty Reduction and Forest's Multifunctionality

这一研究项目的目的是通过对1997/98年接受采访的360户家庭进行重新调查，调查印度在过去十年中的快速经济增长对贫困农村地区人民生活的影响，这些家庭分布在印度内陆欠发达邦中央邦农村地区的60个村庄。本研究以十年前推行的参与式森林联合经营模式(JFM)对森林资源和农村福利的影响为研究对象，在该项目实施的第一年，即2005财年，进行了两个系列的初步调查和完整的问卷再调查。在2006财政年度，我们在2006年雨季之后的2007年1月为实地调查员举办了一次培训课程，然后在2月份启动了主要调查。然而，几名调查人员在主要调查开始后不久就辞职了，招募…花了一些时间更多的替代者。因此，我们无法在2007年旱季完成主要调查，因为在雨季，由于获取渠道不畅，实地数据收集变得困难，我们在雨季停止了调查，直到2007年10月才恢复调查。由于数据收集工作的延误，尽管面谈的大部分工作已经完成，但截至2007财政年度结束时，数据录入工作仍在继续。因此，将在2008财年对调查数据进行详细分析。在1997年的上一次调查时，联合森林管理的执行机构，即州政府林业部，以及其受益者，即农民，似乎都对联合森林管理抱有很高的期望，因为联合森林管理刚刚由世界银行资助。但是，既然外部资金已经停止，林业部已经成为动员当地人参与林业活动的一种方式：虽然林业局的林业局计划本身仍然存在，但农民从林业局获得的好处只是植树、修剪等工作的日工资。由于农民要等几十年才开始从柚木等珍贵树木的种植中受益，他们现在没有足够的动力参与到林业局的活动中。因此，虽然JFM提高了农民的收入，扩大了植树造林面积，但对天然林的保护可能不会产生重大影响。另一方面，在农业方面，井灌技术的采用在过去十年中显著扩大，过度开采大水现在已经成为研究地点部分地区的问题。较少

The objective of this research project is to investigate the influences of India's rapid economic growth during the last decade on the livelihood of people living in poor rural area by means of a re-survey of the same 360 households that were interviewed in 1997/98, spread over 60 villages in rural areas in Madhya Pradesh, a landlocked less developed state of India. Particularly, this research project focuses on the impact of participatory forest management called joint forest management (JFM) that had been promoted ten years ago on forest resources and rural welfare.During 2005 fiscal year, the first year of the project, we carried out two series of preliminary survey and complete questionnaires for re-survey. During 2006 fiscal year, we conducted a training session for field investigators in January 2007 after the rainy season of 2006, and then launched main survey in February. However, several investigators resigned soon after the main survey started and it took some time to recruit … More replacements. Consequently, we could not finish the main survey during the dry season of 2007 Since data collection in the field becomes difficult during the rainy season due to poor access, we had stopped survey in the rainy season and resumed it only in October 2007. Because of the delay in data collection, data entry is still going on as of the end of 2007 fiscal year although most of the interview had been completed. Hence, detailed analyses of the survey data will be done during 2008 fiscal year.At the time of the previous survey in 1997, both the JFM implementing agent, i. e. department of forest of the state government, and its beneficiaries, i.e. farmers, seemed to have high expectation on JFM since JFM had been just started funded by the World Bank. But now that external funding has been ceased, JFM has become a way of mobilization of local people to forest activities by department of forest: although JFM scheme itself is surviving farmers' benefit from JFM is only daily wage paid for the work of tree planting, trimming, etc. Since farmers have to wait for several decades until they start receiving benefit from the plantation of valuable trees such as teak, they do not have enough motivation to participate in JFM activities now. Therefore, while JFM has improved farmers' income and extended tree plantation area, it may not have a significant impact on the conservation of natural forest. As for agriculture, on the other hand, the adoption of well-irrigation technology has significantly expanded during the last decade, and over-exploitation of grand water has now become a problem in some parts of the study site. Less