Studies on Evaluation for Environment in Hospitals Using Electroencephalographic Topography and Post Occupancy Evaluation

噪声作用下脑电图的个体差异及其稳定性在实验室测量了日本受试者在不同噪声作用下的脑电图。首先研究了它们的个体差异和脑电图的稳定性。脑电图的个体差异，特别是α -2波存在个体差异，但稳定性基本稳定日本人和德国人对声音刺激的脑电图和震级估计方法比较日本人和西方人对声音的感知有细微的差异。测量了12名日本受试者和9名德国受试者在声音刺激下的脑电图。然后要求被试用幅度估计的方法判断声音刺激的“噪音”。在脑电图方面，个体差异并不小。除了鸟的叫声外，日本人和德国人之间的差异并不明显。日本人对噪声的评价值高于德国人利用“使用后评价法”对医院声环境的实际状况进行了调查研究。结果表明，医院环境最重要的影响因素是病房“安静”，“入住后评价”是研究的最佳方法。测量了医院各病房24小时的声级，分析了各声源的物理特性。在病房对住院病人和护士进行不可接受噪声等问卷调查。采用“入住后评价法”对日本6家医院的10个病房和德国2家医院的2个病房进行了声环境研究。在德国，医院建在很大的地方，室外噪音的声级很低。病区24小时声级测定结果，白天50 ~ 65 dB (Leq)，午夜35 ~ 45 dB。但许多住院病人指出，“晚上和午夜”是一天中令人烦恼的时间。对于恼人的噪声源，他们指出了“脚步声”、“谈话”、“马车运动”等。对于噪声控制，地毯地板表面处理优于瓷砖。医务人员和住院病人要注意谈话和走路。少

1 Individual difference and their stability of electroencephalogram under noisesIn a laboratory Japanese subjects were measured electroencephalogram under various kinds of noises. At first their individual differences and the stability of electroencephalogram were investigated. The individual differences of electroencephalogram especially alpha-2 waves were found their individual differences, but stability of them was almost stable.2 Comparison of sound stimuli by Japanese and German subjects using electroencephalogram and the method of magnitude estimationIt is known that there is a little difference between Japanese and Westerner in the perception for sounds. The electroencephalogram (EEG) of 12 Japanese subjects and 9 German subjects were measured while being exposed to sound stimuli. And then the subjects were asked to judge the "noisiness" of the sound stimuli by the method of magnitude estimation. In regard to EEG, the individual differences were not small. But differences betwee … More n Japanese and Germans were not clear except bird singing. The values of evaluation of noisiness for Japanese were higher than Germans' values.3 Actual condition of sound environment in hospital by "Post-Occupancy Evaluation'For the research of environment in hospitals, the method was investigated using the results of preparatory survey. It was confirmed that most important factor of environment in hospitals was "quietness" in wards, and "post occupancy evaluation" was the best method for the research. In every ward of the hospital sound level was measured for 24hours, and physical characteristic of every sound source was analyzed. In the wards, questionnaire surveys on unacceptable noises etc. were conducted with inpatients and nurses.In ten wards of six hospitals in Japan and in two wards of two hospitals in Germany sound environments were researched using "post occupancy evaluation. In Germany hospitals are constructed in large sites, sound levels of outdoor noises were low.The results of sound levels for 24 hours in wards, in the daytime they were 50-65 dB (Leq), at midnight they were 35〜45 dB. But many inpatients pointed out "at night and at midnight" as annoying time in the day. For annoying sound source they pointed out "foot steps", "conversations" and "wagon movement" etc..For noise control, floor finishing of carpet is better than tiles. And medical stuffs and inpatients should pay attention to conversation and foot steps. Less