Comparison of Energy and CO2 Emission Policy in the OECD Countries from aspects of Environmental Macro Model

收集了1960 ~ 2003年OECD国家的人口、GDP（基于购买力平价）、一次能源消费和CO2排放的时间序列数据，分析了每个国家对全球变暖的环境负荷。除2000年至2003年外，每隔10年计算人均GDP、一次能源消费量和CO2排放量、单位GDP一次能源消费量和单位一次能源消费量CO2排放量等指标。通过聚类分析，从环境负荷的角度对OECD国家进行了分组，结果如下：1）挪威、瑞典、瑞士和法国从1960年起一直保持较低的能源消耗和较低的CO2排放。2）比利时、丹麦、德国、荷兰、英国等国的单位GDP能耗低，但单位能耗CO2排放量高; 3）比利时、美国、加拿大、日本、日本、韩国、韩国、和澳大利亚多年来一直如此。4）在日本、韩国、芬兰、新西兰和意大利，直到20世纪80年代，能源消耗和二氧化碳排放量都保持在相当低的水平。但1990年以后，这些国家的能源消耗和CO2排放量明显增加，上述分析表明，本文所用的指标能有效地反映各国的经济、能源政策和产业结构，可以用来评价各国的环境影响。

Time series data of population, GDP (based on purchasing power parities), primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission for the duration from 1960 to 2003 for OECD countries were collected and used to analyze the environmental loadings of each country to the global warming impacts. Indices, such as per capita value of GDP, primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission, primary energy consumption per unit GDP, and CO2 emission per unit primary energy consumptions, were calculated for each 10 years interval except since 2000 to 2003. By using the cluster analysis, results of groupings of OECD countries from aspect of environmental loadings were described as follows.1) Following countries as Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and France kept lower energy consumption and lower CO2 emission through all years from 1960. It is confirmed that in these countries energy sources have been transferred to water power or nuclear power.2) In the countries of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, and England, it is summarized that energy consumption per GDP is low but CO2 emission per unit energy consumption is high.3) Both energy consumption and CO2 emission have been kept high level in Luxemburg, USA, Canada, and Australia for long years.4) In Japan, Korea, Finland, New Zealand and Italy, energy consumption and CO2 emission were kept rather low until 1980s. But after 1990, it is noticeable that energy consumption and CO2 emission are coming bigger in these countries.The above analysis shows that the indices used here reflect effectively the economic and energy policies and industrial structure of each country, and are usable to access the environmental impacts from each country.