Data-base construction of Safe Water and Sanitation and Water-related Risk evaluation for Asian Developing Regions

本项目的目的是1）揭示水利用行为和卫生现状，2）进行与不当水利用相关的风险评估，3）评估亚洲发展中国家的水经济。为此，在亚洲一些国家进行了实地调查研究，主要得到以下结果。由于过去20年来全世界的持续努力和努力，最近分别有20亿和15亿人获得安全饮用水和卫生设施。然而，这场斗争的成果却被20年来人口的增长所抵消，分别导致另外11亿和24亿人无法获得安全用水和卫生设施。尼泊尔的风险评估显示，较贫穷的人遭受的水风险更高。在允许的感染风险为1/10，000的情况下，沙门氏菌、霍乱和痢疾的去除效率分别需要2-3 log、1-2 log和3-4 log。去除效率每增加1 log，感染风险降低1/10。水经济学分析表明，有自来水服务和没有自来水服务的家庭之间的疾病责任负担存在显着差距。此外，在低收入者有支付意愿的情况下，向他们收取水费是合理的，经济上也是可行的，从需求平衡的角度来制定自来水价格是必要的。

This project aimed 1) to reveal the present situation of water utilization behaviors and sanitation, 2) to make risk assessment related to improper water utilization, and 3) to evaluate water economics in Asian developing countries. For the purpose above-mentioned, Field survey studies were conducted in some Asian countries, and the following findings were obtained mainly. Due to the worldwide consecutive strive and endeavors for the last twenty years, two billion and 1.5 billion of people lately becomes accessible to safe water and sanitation, respectively. However, the fruit of the struggle was just compensated for by the population increment during the two decades, resulting into another 1.1 billion and 2.4 billion people in turn become to fall into no accessibility to safe water and sanitation, respectively.Risk assessment of Nepal revealed that the poorer people are suffering the higher water risk. In case of allowable infectious risk of 1/10,000, removal efficiency is required 2-3 log, 1-2 log and 3-4 log for Salmonella, cholera, and dysentery, respectively. Increment of removal efficiency by 1 log enables the infectious risk to decrease 1/10. Water economics analysis suggests that there is a significant gap in illness liability burden between household with and without tap-water service. Furthermore, it is reasonable and economically feasible to charge the water-service cost to the low-income if they have the willing to pay, and it is necessary to set up the tap-water tariff from the viewpoint of demand continence.