Development of the Vitalistic causality as an cross mind-body explanation framework.

本研究对日本儿童和成人进行了10项实验，以评估他们对活力论因果关系作为身心交叉解释框架的认识。在研究1-3中，4岁和5岁的学龄前儿童以及7岁和10岁的儿童被要求评估生理和心理治疗对心因性身体反应的有效性。学龄前儿童倾向于认为只有生物疗法对治疗心因性身体反应有效，而成年人则倾向于认为只有心理疗法有效。然而，通过修改问题的措辞，学龄前儿童和成人都倾向于回答心理和生物疗法对治疗这些心因性身体反应是有效的。其次，通过四个实验，考察了活力因果关系的发展。生机论的因果关系假定，身体现象归因于生机力量的运作。成年人和学龄前儿童都回答说，“活力”这个概念与生命力相对应，对身心都有影响。他们认为，一个精力充沛的人会同时具备身体和精神两方面的特性，而精力是通过身体和精神活动获得的。这些结果表明，日本成年人和幼儿对生命力的生物心理意识有一定的相似性。然而，结果显示了一些与年龄相关的差异。具体来说，成年人对机制的理解有更详细的认识，他们假设了更多种身心相互作用的途径。最后，我们调查了A幼儿园种植蔬菜的实践是否会影响儿童对植物的生物意识和活力观念。A学校的孩子们更有可能基于生物学原因将植物假设为生物，他们对植物在过度浇水和缺乏阳光的情况下“可食用”的预测在A学校比在另一所学校更具有生物学意义。重点讨论了生命因果关系和跨领域意识的发展历程。少

Ten experiments were conducted on Japanese children and adults to assess their awareness of vitalistic causality as a cross mind-body explanatory framework. In Studies 1-3, 4- and 5-year-old preschoolers and 7- and 10-year-olds were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of biological and psychological treatments for psychogenic bodily reactions. The preschoolers tended to respond that only biological cures were effective in treating psychogenic bodily reactions, whereas adults typically responded that only psychological cures were effective. However, by modifying the wordings of the questions, both the preschoolers and adults tended to respond that psychological and biological cures were effective in treating these psychogenic bodily reactions. Next, through four experiments, the development of vitalistic causality was examined. Vitalistic causality presumes that bodily phenomena are attributed to the workings of vital force. Both adults and preschoolers responded that the concept of vig … More or, corresponding to a vital force, had implications that crossed mind and body. They assumed that a vigorous man would have both bodily and mental properties, and that vigor would be gained through bodily and mental activities. These results suggested that Japanese adults and young children were somewhat similar in their bio-psychological awareness of vital force. However, the results showed several age-related differences. Specifically, adults had a more elaborate awareness of understanding of mechanisms, and they assumed more kinds of pathways of mind-body interactions. Finally, we investigated whether A nursery school's practice of growing vegetables would affect children's biological awareness of plants and vitalistic conceptions. The children in A school were more likely to assume plants as living-things based on biological reasons and their predictions about "edible" plants in the situation of overwatering and lack of sunlight were more biological in A school than in the other school. The discussion focused on the developmental course of vitalistic causality and cross-domain awareness. Less