Studies on Limitations of Copyright

本文从“市场失灵”的角度对美国著作权法中的“合理使用原则”的讨论进行了分析，并对日本著作权法提出了三点建议：(1)对利用著作权作品进行批评和恶搞等，应比现行判例法更为宽大处理，因为使用者很难获得著作权人的许可；(2)考虑到无法将使用受版权保护的作品所产生的外部利益内在化，为了研究和教育目的而复制，尤其是在图书馆复制的合法性，应在比现行日本版权法所允许的范围更广的范围内得到允许；(3)在对表达自由产生寒蝉效应或可能形成社区的情况下，必须更严格地保障自由领域，因为存在一些不能完全转化为效率的问题。

Based upon the analyzes of discussions on the "fair use doctrine" in the U.S. copyright law from the perspective of "market failure approach, the following three proposals have been made with regard to the Japanese copyright law : (1) the use of copyrighted works for criticism and parody and the like should be treated more leniently than the current case law does, because it is difficult for users to get permissions from the copyright holders ; (2) considering the inability to internalize the external benefits accrued from the use of copyrighted works, legality of reproductions for the purpose of research and education, especially those made in the libraries, should be permitted within a broader range than the current Japanese Copyright Act allows ; (3) in cases which have chilling effects on freedom of expression or where the formation of community can be engendered, the realm of freedom has to be secured more tightly, since there are problems which cannot be fully translated into efficiency terms.