Swedish Society in Change and the Commercial Policy in the 18th Century from the Perspective of Stockholm as a Capital and the Iron Trade.

这项研究项目旨在探讨18世纪斯德哥尔摩作为瑞典王国(包括芬兰)的首都变成波罗的海世界停滞不前的大都市的一些原因。在这种情况下，对斯德哥尔摩老城的Skeppsbro贵族给予中心关注是具有战略意义和相关性的，他们是批发商中的一小部分，以及作为最重要的出口商品的棒铁贸易。根据重商主义时代的精神，许多不同种类的法规和法律，如所谓的波提尼亚贸易限制、1724年航海法、标记当局或交易所，以及禁止进口商品等，使斯德哥尔摩获得了特殊的有利地位，但代价是牺牲了国内其他城市和地方的利益。但这一政策是由帽子党的Skeppsbro贵族推动的，给斯德哥尔摩的进一步发展造成了一些障碍。它依赖于缺乏自由贸易的理念，即使它有时代的局限性。首都的垄断繁荣刺激了斯凯普斯布罗贵族的炫耀性消费，这不仅使他们成为贵族，而且使斯德哥尔摩陷入停滞，因为其他城市和商人群体以及制造商都强烈希望放松对经济活动的管制，以迎接新时代的到来，即19世纪中期的工业化。

This research project aims at examining of some reasons why the 18th century Stockholm as a capital in the kingdom of Sweden (inclusive Finland) came to a stagnating metropolis in the Baltic World. In this perpose it is strategic and relevant to give a central attention both to the Skeppsbro nobles in Stockholm's old town, who were a handful of the wholesalers, and to the trade of bar iron as the most important export items. Many different kinds of regulations and laws according to the sprit of the times of mercantilism, e.g. so called Bothnian trading restriction, Navigation Act 1724, the hallmarking authorities or the Exchange office, and bans of import goods etc., gave Stockholm her special favourable and advantageous position at the expense of other domestic cities and places. But this policy which was driven by the Skeppsbro nobles belonging to the Hat Party caused some obstacles of the further growth of Stockholm. It depended on lack of the idea on free trade, even if it had limitations of the age. The monopolistic prosperity of the capital stimulated the Skeppsbro nobles to a conspicuous consumption, that made not only them aristocratic but also Stockholm stagnating, because other cities and groups of merchants as well as manufacturers had a strong desire of the deregulation of economic activities towards the coming of the new era, i.e. the industrialization in the mid-19th century.