Study of Criminal Defense Preparations for the Intensive Trial Hearing

本研究取得了以下成果。(1)关于《联邦刑事诉讼规则》的第15条规定，为了使证词永久有效，需要录取证词。研究了规则15 FRCrP的背景和一些建设性问题。这一程序提供了一个重要手段，在保护宪法规定的被告与证人对质的权利的情况下，使证词永久化。《日本刑事诉讼法》第321条还允许警察或检察官在审讯后为使证词永久有效而作出证词。但这一规定可能是干扰密集审判听证会的原因之一。需要采用与FRCrP规则15相同的程序。(2)有些国家也采用刑事取证的方式。证据开示是为庭审中的质证做准备的一种非常有效的手段，如果对方证人的可靠性得到证实，也能使案件早日结案。有些州限制被告出席作证，以保护证人免受骚扰。在日本，证据开示并不为人所知，但这是一种非常重要的手段，特别是对被告准备其案件而言。应在日本讨论采用刑事证词的问题。

Followings results were gained through this research.(1) Rule 15 on Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure(FRCrP) adopts depositions for the purpose of perpetuating a testimony. Backgrounds and some constructive issues on Rule 15 FRCrP were studied. This procedure provides an important mean to perpetuate testimony under protection of the constitutional defendant' s right to confront a witness. Section 321 of Japanese Code of Criminal Procedure also permits testimonial statements made by the police or the prosecution as results of interrogation for the purpose of perpetuating the testimony. But this provision could be one of causes to disturb intensive trial hearings. It is needed to adopt the same procedure as Rule15 of FRCrP.(2) Some States adopt criminal depositions for a discovery purpose, too. The discovery deposition can be a very effectual mean to prepare for witness-examination in a trial, and also bring an early resolution of the case if reliabilities of opponent' s witnesses confirmed. Some states restrict attendance of the defendant to the deposition in order to protect witnesses from harassments. Discovery depositions are unknown in Japan, but would be very important means especially for the defendant to prepare his case. Adoption of criminal depositions should be discussed in Japan.