Conditions for the dissemination of participatory forest management and the resource dynamics : an analysis applying forest infrastructure concept

在热带亚洲的主要森林国家中，公有制占主导地位。砍伐森林和森林退化可视为国家森林行政管理的失败，参与性森林管理被鼓励作为政府部门直接管理或有执照的私营公司管理的替代办法。这项研究假定(1)划定林地，(2)有树木清查的管理计划，(3)专业的林业人员，即森林基础设施，作为成功实施森林管理的先决条件。在印度和印度尼西亚爪哇岛的研究结果表明，(4)也需要财政支持。这项研究还假设PFM的基本机制是从PFM管理的森林中分享利益，作为一种激励，以诱导集体行动来保护森林。印度的联合森林管理(JFM)和爪哇与社区的森林管理(印度尼西亚的PHBM)的结果表明，参与森林管理的人的知识仅限于对森林资源利用的限制和法律的制裁，利益分享机制对他们知之甚少。尼泊尔的社区林业是一个例外，需要更多的研究来寻找在没有森林基础设施的情况下实现社区林业扩张的机制。根据印度和爪哇的结果，林地外的植树活动不仅是由市场诱导的。通过政府和私营部门提供的激励措施，可以减轻初期的不稳定风险。

Public ownership is dominant among the major forested countries in the tropical Asia. Deforestation and forest degradation can be regarded as the failure in national forest administration and management, and participatory forest management (PFM) has been encouraged as an alternative to direct management by the government sector or management by licensed private companies. This study assumed that (1) demarcated forestland, (2) management plans with tree inventory, and (3) professional foresters, namely forest infrastructure, as the prerequisites of successful implementation of PFM. The results of the studies in India and Java island of Indonesia suggested that (4) financial support is also needed. This study also assumed that the basic mechanism of PFM is benefit sharing from the forest managed by PFM as an incentive to induce collective action toward forest conservation. The results of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in India and Forest Management with Communities (PHBM in Indonesian) in Java revealed that the knowledge of people involved in PFM was limited to the restrictions in forest resource utilization and sanctions by law, and benefit sharing mechanisms are not well informed to them. Community Forestry (CF) in Nepal is rather an exception, and more studies are required to find the mechanism to realize the expansion of CF without forest infrastructure. According to the results of India and Java, tree planting activities outside forestland were not only induced by the market. The risk of instability in the initial stage can be mitigated through the incentives provided by the government and private sectors.