Study on the History of Medicine and Industrial Art related to the Manufacturing of Human Phantoms in Japan

铜娃娃是针灸中使用的显示穴位和经络(身体能量流动的路径)的人体体模。东京国立博物馆保存着日本制造的最著名的铜娃娃。被指定为日本国宝的铜娃娃最显著的共同特征是，有一种描述说，它们是由根井今村设计的。铜娃娃经常被用作指标，以显示日本在现代的医疗专业知识的高标准。在这种传统的方法中，有两个视角缺失。一个是对单个铜娃娃背后的环境和政治意义的透视。另一种是从工艺美术史的角度。

A copper doll is a human phantom showing points and meridians (paths of body energy flow) used in acupuncture and moxibustion. The most famous copper doll manufactured in Japan are preserved by the Tokyo National Museum. The most remarkable feature common to the copper doll designated as a Japanese national treasure is that there is a description that they were designed by Gensai Iimura. Copper dolls are often used as an indicator to show the high standard of medical expertise in Japan in the modern age. There are two missing perspectives in this conventional approach. One is a perspective on the circumstances and political meaning behind individual copper dolls. The other is the perspective from the industrial art history.