Black holes in high and low mass bulges and bulge-less galaxies

这是一个探测超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的项目，利用自适应光学ESO VLT的近红外光谱仪SINFONI，测量具有伪凸起、极低或极高质量凸起或无凸起星系中心的黑洞质量。在过去的十年里，我们已经了解到，可能所有的椭圆形和凸起都含有中央SMBH。SMBH质量与包含它们的凸起的(光度，因此恒星)质量有很好的相关性，大约0.15%的凸起质量被发现在SMBH中。此外，SMBH质量与凸起的速度弥散存在很强的相关性。在目前的项目中，我们想要研究这些关系是否仍然有效，或者它们是如何变化的，当考虑到具有伪凸起的星系、极低或极高质量的凸起或无凸起的星系时。如果我们想要了解(A)长期演化和合并如何影响黑洞的增长，(B)低σ星系中是否存在种子黑洞，(C)高质量椭圆是否有比其他星系大得多的黑洞，从而解释高红移极亮类星体的存在，这些天体类是特别重要的。随着我们20个SINFONI夜晚的投资，在项目结束时，我们将测量出20多个星系的黑洞质量，并有能力解决这些问题。

This is a project to detect super massive black holes (SMBH) and measure their masses at the centers of galaxies with pseudo-bulges, very low- or high mass bulges or bulge-less galaxies using the NIR spectrograph SINFONI at the ESO VLT with Adaptive Optics. Over the past decade we have learned that probably all ellipticals and bulges contain central SMBH. SMBH masses correlate well with the (luminosities, and therefore stellar) masses of the bulges harboring them, with about 0.15% of the bulge mass being found in the SMBH. In addition, there exists a very strong correlation of SMBH mass with the velocity dispersion of the bulge. With the present project we want to investigate whether these relations remain valid, or how they change, when galaxies with pseudo-bulges, very low- or very high-mass bulges or bulge-less galaxies are considered. These object classes are of particular importance if we want to understand (a) how secular evolution and merging influence the growth of black holes, (b) whether seed black holes may exist in low-σ galaxies, (c) whether high-mass ellipticals have much larger black holes than the rest, therefore explaining the existence of the extremely bright quasars at high redshifts. With our investment of 20 SINFONI nights, at the end of the project we will have measured black holes masses in more than 20 galaxies and be in a position to settle these questions.