Perceptual learning and memory consolidation in adults with and without language impairment

项目总结/摘要 语言障碍的病因一直是争论的焦点。竞争账户 包括自下而上通过贫乏语音类别（语音缺陷）对语法的损害 假设），或通过程序或内隐/统计记忆的广泛损害（程序缺陷理论）。 这些解释不一定是相互排斥的，因为受损的程序性/内隐记忆可能会 损害了健全的语音表征的发展。 我们最近的研究发现，在对新的（非母语的）声学语音信息进行知觉训练后， 睡眠促进了具有典型语言的成年人的感知能力的提高，但对有LI史的成年人没有。 知觉学习中的记忆巩固与记忆时间进程的更广泛主张之间的关系 LI中的编码尚不清楚。为此，我们必须确定这些任务的绩效如何与相对 程序性和/或陈述性记忆的优势和劣势。此外，我们不知道 神经后果是观察到的对语音在线处理的夜间巩固失败。 因此，本提案中概述的研究旨在确定感知之间的关联 学习和陈述性和程序性记忆，并确定离线失败的后果 记忆巩固到语音的神经处理。这些目标将通过结合 行为数据建立程序和陈述性学习任务与我们的知觉学习任务。我们 我也将扩展我们的知觉学习的行为协议，以研究神经处理的语音之前， 以及在睡眠后使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术。所获得知识 通过这项研究，将告知LI患者记忆巩固的时间进程，并告知 更广泛地研究成年人语音习得的认知基础。此外，通过定义一个 潜在的关键障碍，成功的治疗，这方面的知识可能有助于未来的努力，以改善 这种常见的发育障碍的补救结果。知识是通过 拟议的项目将有助于四个领域的研究：（具体）语言障碍，言语感知， 第二语言学习和记忆巩固。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The etiology of (Specific) Language Impairment (LI) has been the subject of long debate. Competing accounts include a bottom-up impairment of grammar via impoverished phonological categories (Phonological Deficit Hypothesis), or via broad impairment in procedural or implicit/statistical memory (Procedural Deficit Theory). These accounts need not be mutually exclusive, in that impaired procedural/implicit memory would likely compromise the development of robust phonological representations. Our recent work has found that, following perceptual training on new (nonnative) acoustic-phonetic information, sleep facilitates improved perceptual ability in adults with typical language, but not in adults with a history of LI. How memory consolidation in perceptual learning relates to broader claims about the time course of memory encoding in LI is not yet clear. To this end, we must establish how performance on these tasks relate to relative strengths and weaknesses in procedural and/or declarative memory. Furthermore, we do not know what the neural consequences are of this observed failure in overnight consolidation to the online processing of speech. Therefore, the research outlined in this proposal aims to determine the association between perceptual learning and declarative and procedural memory, and to identify the consequences of failure in offline memory consolidation to the neural processing of speech. These aims will be addressed by combining behavioral data in established procedural and declarative learning tasks with our perceptual learning task. We will also extend our behavioral protocol on perceptual learning to investigate neural processing of speech before and after sleep using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. The knowledge to be gained through this research will inform the time course of memory consolidation in individuals with LI, and inform the cognitive substrates of speech sound acquisition in adulthood more broadly. Furthermore, by defining a potentially critical obstacle to successful treatment, this knowledge may contribute to future endeavors to improve remediation outcomes in this common developmental disability. The knowledge to be gained through the proposed project will contribute to four areas of research: (Specific) Language Impairment, speech perception, second language learning, and memory consolidation.