High-intensity and Sensation Seeking Associations with Episodic Simulation Efficacy and Brain Response

项目总结/摘要 我们建议测试高强度的未来图像线索的能力，以增强未来的方向，延迟奖励 酒精使用早期恢复者的偏好、恢复自我效能和诱发脑反应 疾病（AUD）。受损的未来定向和延迟奖励似乎是一种行为内表型， 澳元和其他成瘾。AUD也与增加的感觉寻求（SS）相对应;也就是说，需要 引起唤醒并具有高强度、情感显著性和新奇的刺激。随着恢复尝试 在6个月的治疗中，失败的次数多于成功的次数， 功效越来越多的证据表明，受损的未来可视化和规划是AUD的一个标志， 实验结果反映出延迟奖励的价值更低。通过把注意力集中在令人兴奋的 个性化未来的各个方面，我们将重新调整决策，以延迟结果和未来的亲社会 奖励扩展先前关于情景未来思维的有前途的工作，我们将优化未来线索的力量 通过呈现与个人相关的高强度线索。我们的初步数据有力地支持了 高强度干预，以改变对未来结果的偏好。此外，SS特质预测 对高强度干预措施的反应和成功戒酒/戒毒。未来情节 思维操纵通常包括对在行为操纵期间呈现的预期事件的引用。 测试--通常在测试之前进行感官上的精心制作。在这里，我们将明确测试视觉效果， 提示代表高强度的未来事件，相比之下，控制线索调用低强度的未来事件， 平行审判所有的线索都将与感官元素一起精心制作，并在延迟奖励期间呈现 直接测试它们对时间决策行为的影响。目标1将测试 高强度线索对增加未来奖励偏好的有效性，SS特质与 恢复自我效能，以及SS特质与未来奖励偏好增加能力的相关性。目的 2将通过显示更大的中线和横向默认模式网络来展示大脑目标参与 延迟奖励选择中的参与为了确定在实际SS选择期间的大脑激活，我们将 测试奖励激活在一个新的行为SS任务使用气味刺激实时。我们还将 评估预期区域和奖励区域之间的功能连接是否与行为SS相关。大脑 激活将提供可用作治疗应答者的预测标记的神经信号。我们 还将对SS和其他冲动性措施的影响进行探索性测试，以缓和 情景未来思维对时间决策的影响。我们的主要目标是发现 是情景式未来思维干预的“活性成分”，以及如何利用强度效应 促进澳元早期复苏的积极成果。这种知识的潜在影响是巨大的， 考虑它如何为临床干预提供信息，以获得更好的结果。

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT We propose testing the ability of high-intensity future image cues to enhance future orientation, delayed reward preference, recovery self-efficacy, and elicit brain responses in persons in early recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD). Impaired future orientation and delay-of-reward appear to be a behavioral endophenotype for AUD and other addictions. AUD also corresponds with increased sensation seeking (SS); that is, the need for stimuli that elicit arousal and are high in intensity, emotional salience, and novelty. With recovery attempts failing more often than succeeding within 6 months of treatment, there is considerable room for improved efficacy. Converging evidence indicates that impaired future visualization and planning is a hallmark of AUD, reflected experimentally as a greater devaluation of delayed rewards. By focusing attention on the exciting aspects of a personalized future, we will reorient decision-making to delayed outcomes and future prosocial rewards. Extending prior promising work on episodic future thinking, we will optimize the power of future cues by presenting personally relevant high-intensity cues. Our preliminary data strongly supports the power of a high-intensity intervention for shifting preference toward future outcomes. Further, the SS trait predicts responsiveness to high-intensity interventions and success in abstinence from alcohol/drugs. Episodic future thinking manipulations typically comprise references to anticipated events being presented during behavioral testing—often with sensory elaboration preceding the test. Here, we will explicitly test the efficacy of visual cues representing high-intensity future events, compared to control cues invoking low-intensity future events in a parallel trial. All cues will be elaborated with sensory elements, and presented during delay-of-reward decision-making to directly test their effects on temporal decision-making behavior. Aim 1 will test the effectiveness of high-intensity cues for increasing future reward preference, the association of the SS trait with recovery self-efficacy, and correlations of SS trait with the capacity for increased future reward preference. Aim 2 will demonstrate brain target engagement by showing greater midline and lateral default mode network involvement during delayed reward choice. To determine brain activation during an actual SS choice, we will test for reward activation in a novel behavioral SS task using odorant stimuli in real-time. We will additionally assess if functional connectivity between prospective and reward regions relates to behavioral SS. Brain activation will provide a neural signal that could be used as a predictive marker for treatment responders. We will also perform exploratory tests of the effects of SS and other impulsivity measures for moderation of episodic future thinking effects on temporal decision-making. Our major goals are to discover whether intensity is an ‘active ingredient’ for the episodic future thinking intervention, and how intensity effects can be leveraged to enhance positive outcomes in early AUD recovery. The potential impact of this knowledge is large, considering how it could inform interventions in the clinic for better outcomes.