CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FIELDS IN HUMAN INFANTS

描述：在成年人中，视野延伸到大约110度 颞侧，鼻侧60度，上侧60度，75度。 年轻 然而，人类婴儿对周围刺激表现出有限的反应性， 从而产生在时间上仅延伸到约30 °的测量视野 出生时为45度，三个月大时为45度。 在为数不多的研究中， 检查视野范围后，婴儿早期，有分歧， 与视野发育的速度有关。 研究报告 使用低时间频率的目标表明，视野范围 接近成年人的价值观的年龄一年，而研究已经使用高 时间频率目标显示出更多的限制视野结束时， 出生后的第一年 本建议第一部分的目的是测试 假设研究之间的差异，在测量率的 婴儿的视野发育与婴儿的视力发育率的差异有关。 大细胞（M）和小细胞（P）途径的发展。 4、7、9、17和30个月大的儿童将接受低空间 频率（3度和0.7度直径）刺激，或者（a）低， 时间频率（0、1或3 Hz），以刺激P通路 优选地，或（B）时间频率高（10或20 Hz）， 优先刺激M通路，以确定是否发生 测量的视野大小取决于刺激参数，如从 M和P通路的动物研究。 临床上，定量评估 无论是中央或周边视野很少采取在婴儿 和蹒跚学步的孩子 这是由于（1）缺乏对发展的认识 周边视觉，和（2）缺乏评估的方法， 中央和周边视野在个别婴儿和儿童。 本建议第二部分的目的是使用第一部分的数据， 制定一个定量的程序，用于筛选中央和外周 婴幼儿的视野。 规范性数据和 观察者内和观察者间的重测信度将从4-， 7个月、9个月、17个月和30个月大。 总之，拟议的研究将（1） 进一步了解扩大的机制， 测量人类婴儿的视野大小，以及（2）发展并开始 验证中心和周边视野评估程序 在婴儿和幼儿身上。

DESCRIPTION: In adults, the visual field extends to approximately 110 deg temporally, 60 deg nasally, 60 deg superiorly, and 75 deg inferiorly. Young human infants, however, show limited responsiveness to peripheral stimuli, yielding measured visual fields that extend temporally to only about 30 deg at birth and 45 deg at age three months. Among the few studies that have examined visual field extent after early infancy, there is disagreement as to the rate at which visual field development occurs. Studies that have used low temporal frequency targets suggest that visual field extent approaches adult values by age one year, whereas studies that have used high temporal frequency targets show more restricted visual fields at the end of the first postnatal year. The purpose of Part I of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that differences among studies in the measured rate of infants' visual field development are related to differences in the rate of development of the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways. Children 4, 7, 9, 17, and 30 months of age will be tested with low spatial frequency (3 deg and 0.7 deg diameter) stimuli that are either (a) low in temporal frequency (0,1, or 3 Hz), to stimulate the P pathway preferentially, or (b) high in temporal frequency (10 or 20 Hz), to stimulate the M pathway preferentially, to determine whether development of measured visual field size depends on stimulus parameters, as predicted from animal research on M and P pathways. Clinically, quantitative assessment of either central or peripheral visual fields is rarely undertaken in infants and toddlers. This is due to (1) a lack of knowledge about the development of peripheral vision, and (2) a lack of methodology for assessment of central and peripheral visual fields in individual infants and children. The purpose of Part II of this proposal is to use data from Part I to develop a quantitative procedure for screening of central and peripheral visual fields in infants and young children. Normative data and data on intra- and inter-observer test-retest reliability will be collected from 4-, 7-, 9-, 17-, and 30-month-olds. In summary, the proposed research will (1) further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the expansion of measured visual field size in human infants, and (2) develop and begin to validate a procedure for assessment of central and peripheral visual fields in infants and toddlers.