Carolingian glosses on Martianus Capella

五世纪作家马蒂亚努斯·卡佩拉的著作《论语言学与墨丘利的联姻》（On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury），是匈牙利学者的重要著作。它成为中世纪早期七门文科的标准著作。它的寓言书籍（详细描述了语言学的天体之旅和她与水星的婚姻）对新兴的欧洲文化产生了深远的影响，激励了整个中世纪和文艺复兴时期的评论家，插图画家和画家。在知识、文化和政治史上的重要时刻-虽然不是在真空中，但它帮助建立了中世纪Martianus的持久声誉，特别是通过三个主要评论的制作。虽然相当大的学术努力已花在后来的评论，最早的仍然等待一个关键的版本。它以一系列注释（边缘注释和行间注释）的形式存在，形成了一个连贯但流畅的注释体，沿着文本在世纪的整个法国北方和东北部复制。这些注释不仅展示了马蒂亚努斯是如何被西班牙学者阅读的，而且有助于提高我们对现代教育和学习思想起源的文本的理解。此外，9世纪对马蒂亚努斯的接受使我们能够对以其广泛的教育改革纲领性努力以及学术和智力努力而闻名的罗马复兴的性质进行调查。关于马蒂亚努斯的最早注释表明了在世纪文本是如何被理解的。在前两本寓言书中，火星人将星体宗教、古典神话和异教传统丰富地融合在一起，产生了巨大的影响，使奥古斯丁的评论家能够反思可见和不可见的现实、宇宙的和谐和宇宙的统一。最早的注释也毫无疑问地说明，从现代早期和现代时期的高度不利的意见，马蒂亚努斯没有共享的厄辛加学者。在他们的评论中，他们对后中世纪学者认为最难理解的文本特征表达了特别的兴趣：密集的隐喻意象、《双城之战》典故、古老的参考文献和希腊语词汇。更广泛地说，对文本晦涩方面的注释说明了晦涩的更广泛的重要性。对于注释者来说，晦涩和清晰都起着核心作用。事实上，文本的晦涩提供了线索，而不仅仅是一劳永逸地解决难题。他们在寓言的面纱下隐藏着真相。这幅基本上是长角龙的图像，在12世纪有很好的文献记载，是奥古斯丁对火星人的理解的核心。重要的是，它使注释者能够根据一种重要的解释学手段来解释火星人的神话：也就是说，它使他们能够看到隐藏在异教表面下的真理。因此，这些注释提供了一个具体的例子，证明了古罗马人对异教学问的挪用。它们也为古代学术的传播提供了证据。火星人自己自觉地回到古代和晚期的古董世界，寻找他在这个过程中传播和修改的大部分知识。而注释者，反过来，使用火星作为一个桥梁，古代智慧的来源。一种对信息仓库进行修饰的技术，它使人们能够研究文化遗产的一个核心问题：遗产到底是如何发生的。对火星上最古老的注释的研究提供了一个案例研究，以更好地理解这个问题。

The work by the fifth-century author Martianus Capella, 'On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury', was a key text for Carolingian scholars. It became the standard work on the seven liberal arts in the early Middle Ages. Its allegorical books (detailing the celestial journey of Philology and her marriage to Mercury) had a profound influence on emergent European culture, inspiring commentators, illuminators and painters throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Carolingian period - an important moment in intellectual, cultural and political history - represents a pivotal point in the reception of the text. Though not in a vacuum, it helped establish the enduring reputation of Martianus in the Middle Ages, in particular, through the production of three major commentaries. And whilst considerable scholarly effort has been spent on the later Carolingian commentaries, the earliest still awaits a critical edition. It exists as sets of glosses (marginal and interlinear comments) which form a coherent but fluid body of commentary that was copied along with the text throughout Northern and Northeastern France during the ninth century. These glosses not only demonstrate how Martianus was read by Carolingian scholars, but also help improve our understanding of a text that lies at the origins of modern ideas on education and learning. In addition, the ninth-century reception of Martianus enables investigation into the nature of the Carolingian revival, famous for its broad programmatic efforts to instigate educational reform, as well as its scholarly and intellectual endeavours.The earliest glosses on Martianus demonstrate how the text was understood in the ninth century. Martianus' rich blend of astral religion, classical mythology and pagan tradition in the first two allegorical books had an enormous impact, enabling Carolingian commentators to reflect on visible and invisible reality, the cosmic harmony and the unity of the universe. The earliest glosses also illustrate without doubt that the highly unfavourable opinions of Martianus from the early modern and modern period were not shared by Carolingian scholars. In their commentaries they expressed particular interest in just those features of the text that post-medieval scholars have found least comprehensible: its dense metaphorical imagery, arcane allusions, antique references and Greek vocabulary.More broadly, the glosses on the opaque aspects of the text illustrate the wider importance of obscurity. For the annotators, obscurity as much as perspicuity played a central role. Indeed, the obscurities of the text provided clues to be followed, not just puzzles to be solved once and for all. They concealed hidden truths under an allegorical veil. This essentially Macrobian image, an image well documented for the twelfth century, is central to the Carolingian understanding of Martianus. Crucially, it enabled the glossators to interpret Martianus' myths according to an important hermeneutic device: that is, it allowed them see hidden truth under a pagan surface. The glosses thus provide a specific example of Carolingian appropriation of pagan learning. They also furnish evidence for the transmission of ancient learning. Martianus himself self-consciously reached back into the ancient and late antique world for much of the lore he transmitted and modified in the process. And the glossators, in turn, used Martianus as a bridge to the sources of ancient wisdom. The technology of glossing furnished storehouses of information which enable investigation into a central problem of cultural heritage: exactly how inheritance takes place. Study of the oldest glosses on Martianus provides a case-study toward a better understanding of that problem.