The History of English Law c. 880-1220

我在AHRC休假期间的研究将完成对从阿尔弗雷德国王（871-899）到大宪章（1215）的英国法律历史的彻底检查。30万字-使它能够联合收割机的功能，一个非常广泛的专着的基础上主要的原始研究与那些调查一般使用的历史学家和律师。在该领域的标准工作仍然是，一个世纪以来，F。W.梅特兰的英国法律史，但他的主要重点是1220年后的时期。最近的历史著作，新的方法，和额外的来源都呈现出必要的新的研究。我的书论证了盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的重要作用，它提供了强大的立法王权、强大的政府、与国王有关的地方法院以及对后来的犯罪法律具有重要意义的许多要素。盎格鲁-诺曼时期保留了这一遗产，并引入了关于土地持有的新习俗。这种发展是英国普通法形成的必要条件，但不是充分条件。安茹时期产生了罗马化的基本要素，部分与日益增长的识字法律的文化有关。此时，皇家大法官可能对法律的发展发挥了最大的影响，成为标准化的主要力量。越来越多的大法官开始裁决案件，而不仅仅是主持法庭，但他们的专业知识还没有代表诉讼当事人的法律的职业所能比拟。到了12世纪末和13世纪初，法律越来越远离普通的社会实践，因为某些皇家的法律的措施产生了令案件当事人吃惊的效果。与此同时，我们看到了基于法律技术细节的非预期效果的法律的装置的出现。这些发展是法律的职业的出现以及通过专业论证、司法裁决和立法进行的法律的变革的基础，这将成为很久以后普通法发展的特征。直到1066年，诺曼征服后的世纪，以及公元前几十年。1160-1220.对于每个时期，个别章节致力于王权，立法和司法;法院和法院程序;土地;动产;盗窃和暴力;地位;家庭。三个按时间顺序排列的部分中的两个现在已经完成，第三个将在AHRC研究休假时完成。这将在澳大利亚人权委员会研究期间完成，留下三个主要章节，涵盖整个时期的章节。第一个是关于城市法，这是一个在法律的历史中经常被忽视的主题。审查这一问题不仅是为了它本身，而且也是为了它对更广泛的法律的发展可能产生的影响，包括程序和实质性思维方面的影响，例如对所有权性质的影响。另外两章将探讨法律与社会之间不断变化的关系。第一种是在更广泛的争议背景下制定法律，审查法律的与法律的外或法庭外活动之间关系的变化和连续性。第二部分将考察法律的规范与其他规范之间的关系，认为这两者之间的区别尤其在我所处时期的最后几十年里更加明显。如前所述，这种尖锐化将对后来的法律的发展史产生非常重要的影响。简短的介绍和总结章节，也将在AHRC研究休假期间撰写，将这些主题设置在法律的史学，欧洲法律的实践的背景下，从第九到第十三世纪，以及英国法律的长期历史。

My research during the period of AHRC Leave will complete a thorough examination of the history of English law from the time of King Alfred (871-899) up to the time of Magna Carta (1215).The scale of the volume to be completed - c. 300,000 words - allows it to combine the functions of a very extended monograph based on major original research with those of a survey for general use by historians and lawyers. The standard work in the field remains, a century on, F. W. Maitland's History of English Law, but his primary focus was on the period after 1220. More recent historical writing, fresh approaches, and additional sources have all rendered essential a new study. My book argues for the vital role of the Anglo-Saxon period in providing ideas of powerful legislative kingship, strong government, local courts connected to the king, and many elements significant to later law regarding crime. The Anglo-Norman period crucially preserved this legacy, and saw the introduction of new customs regarding land-holding. Such developments were necessary but not sufficient conditions for the formation of the English Common Law. The Angevin period produced essential elements of routinization, in part connected to an increasingly literate legal culture. At this time royal justices may have exercised their greatest influence over the development of law, acting as a major force for standardization. Increasingly justices were deciding cases, rather than simply presiding over courts, but their expertise was yet to be rivaled by that of a legal profession representing litigants. By the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, law was growing more distanced from ordinary social practice, as certain royal legal measures were having effects which surprised parties to cases. At the same time, we see the emergence of legal devices based on unintended effects of the technicalities of law These developments underlie the emergence of the legal profession and of legal change through professional argument, judicial decision, and legislation, which would characterize much later Common Law development.The volume is divided into three chronological periods: that up to 1066, the century after the Norman Conquest, and the decades c. 1160-1220. For each period, individual chapters are devoted to kingship, legislation, and justice; courts and court procedure; land; moveables; theft and violence; status; family. Two of the three chronological sections are now complete, and the third will be finished by the time of the AHRC Research Leave. This leaves for completion during the AHRC Research Leave three main chapters, chapters that cover the entirety of the period. The first is on urban law, a subject often neglected within legal histories. This will be examined for its own sake, but also for its possible influence on wider legal developments, both in terms of procedure and of substantive thinking, for example on the nature of ownership. The other two chapters will consider the changing relationship of law and society. The first will set law within a wider context of disputing, examining changes and continuities in the relationship of legal and extra-legal or extra-curial activities. The second will examine the relationship of legal and other norms, arguing that there was a sharpening of the distinction between the two particularly in the last decades of my period. This sharpening, as already indicated, would have a very important effect on the later history of legal development. Short introductory and concluding chapters, also to be written during AHRC research leave, will set these themes in the contexts of legal historiography, of European legal practice from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries, and of the longer-term history of English law.