Tradition in Early Modernity: romanticism, nationhood and the invention of the 'English' house, 1780 - 1840

《早期现代性的传统》将考察18世纪末和19世纪初传统“英国”家庭建筑的发明，作为早期现代性的对应物和避难所。该项目旨在建立浪漫主义和风景如画理论对建筑环境的影响，英国（不包括苏格兰，爱尔兰，威尔士）家庭建筑的范围，包括匿名和日常。该项目将梳理出促成传统“英式”住宅发明的理论、形式和文化线索，并将寻求评估其对英国建筑环境的影响。在19世纪泛欧民族历史主义、工艺美术运动和20世纪两次世界大战之间的模拟都铎王朝之前，英国住宅设计中的传统主义首先出现在民族浪漫主义和乡村风景如画的建筑理论和设计实践中：“这是国家在现代性中作为一种文化意义体系的表现”（Bhabha, 1990）。这些知识分子运动回应了启蒙运动的普遍进步理性主义，以及农业和工业革命、农村人口外逃和城市发展带来的社会和环境变化，通过一种新的文化敬畏，将农村的过去视为国家认同的地方。在建筑设计中，这种浪漫的国家概念通过对传统乡村建筑的形式、材料和建筑细节的再现来表现出来。风景如画的人赞美乡土建筑的不规则性和多样性，并在农村贫困和物质衰败的场景中获得一种非道德的审美乐趣（麦克阿瑟，1997）。原始浪漫主义的英国风景如画理论，如Udevale Price的《论风景如画》，试图强调地方的特定美学，包括当地的建筑传统，而不是普遍的、欧洲的品味标准。英国民族浪漫主义进一步强调了地方在文化认同形成中的重要性，并将乡村民间传统，包括农舍、磨坊和农舍，视为灵感的来源和救赎的地方（Curran, 2007; Porter and Teich, 1988）。现代性和传统融合在一系列复杂的相互关系中，其特征是模糊性和流动性，传统随后在后浪漫主义现代性中保持存在；阿南达·罗伊将其描述为“历史对现代性的腐蚀影响”（罗伊，2000）。传统可以更好地理解为现代性中的创造性、适应性和反思过程，而不是对立的过程（Asquith and Vellinga, 2006; Bronner, 2006）。早期现代性的传统是一个原创的跨学科研究项目，将借鉴文学研究，文化理论，方言（民间）研究，以及建筑和设计历史；在以实地考察为基础的历史研究中，交叉引用关于传统、身份和地点的当代批评著作与18 / 19世纪的主要来源。研究将分为论文的档案研究和大英图书馆的模型书和现存房屋的实地研究（特别参考西南地区，在这一时期看到了广泛的房地产和早期郊区别墅的建设活动；与早期工业北方城市的郊区别墅进行比较）。虽然包括相关建筑师的作品，但它是对“英国”国内建筑发明的研究，而不是传统的规范研究。该项目将把目前对18世纪（设计历史，2009年）和20世纪（TDSR和JAE， 2009年）的研究联系起来，并使更广泛的项目：现代中的传统，1700 - 2000年取得成果。

Tradition in Early Modernity will examine the invention of traditional 'English' domestic architecture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as a counterpoint to, and refuge from, early modernity. The project aims to establish the impact of romanticism and picturesque theory across the built environment, the spectrum of English (excluding Scotland, Ireland, Wales) domestic architecture including the anonymous and everyday. The project will tease out the theoretical, formal and cultural threads that precipitated the invention of the traditional 'English' house and will seek to assess its impact upon the English built environment. Prior to nineteenth century pan-European national historicism, the Arts and Crafts Movement and twentieth-century inter-war Mock-Tudor, traditionalism in British housing design first emerged out of the architectural theory and design practice of national romanticism and the rural picturesque: 'a manifestation of the nation's coming to being as a system of cultural significance within modernity' (Bhabha, 1990). These intellectual movements responded to the Enlightenment's universalist progressive rationalism and the social and environmental changes of the agricultural and industrial revolutions, rural flight and urban growth, through a new cultural reverence for a notional rural past as a place of national identity. In architectural design, this romantic conception of nationhood was (is) represented through the reproduction of the forms, materials and construction details of traditional rural buildings. The picturesque celebrated the irregularity and variety of vernacular buildings and took an amoral aesthetic pleasure in scenes of rural poverty and material decay (Macarthur, 1997). Proto-romantic English theories of the picturesque such as Udevale Price's Essay on the Picturesque sought to emphasise the specific aesthetics of place, including local building traditions, over universal, European, standards of taste. British National Romanticism further emphasised the significance of place in the formation of cultural identity and looked to rural folk traditions, including cottages, mills and farmhouses, as a source of inspiration and place of salvation (Curran, 2007; Porter and Teich, 1988). Modernity and tradition were fused in a set of complex interrelationships characterized by ambiguity and fluidity and tradition has subsequently maintained a presence within post-romantic modernity; what Ananda Roy has described as the 'corrupting impact of history upon modernity' (Roy, 2000). Tradition can be better understood not in terms of opposition but as a creative, adaptive and reflective process within modernity (Asquith and Vellinga, 2006; Bronner, 2006). Tradition in Early Modernity is an original interdisciplinary research project that will draw upon literary studies, cultural theory, vernacular (folk) studies, and architectural and design history; cross-referencing contemporary critical writings on tradition, identity and place with eighteenth/nineteenth century primary sources within a fieldwork-based historical study. Research will be divided between the archival study of treatises and pattern books at the British Library and field studies of extant houses (with particular reference to the South West which saw extensive estate and early suburban villa building activity in this period; to be compared with suburban villas of early industrial northern cities). While including the works of relevant architects it is a study of the invention of an 'English' domestic architecture not a conventional canonical study. The project will link current research on the eighteenth (Design History, 2009) and twentieth centuries (TDSR and JAE, 2009) and bring to fruition the wider project: Tradition in Modernity, 1700 - 2000.