Scottish Toponymy in Transition: Progressing County Surveys of the Place-Names of Scotland

苏格兰的地名是其语言和文化历史中最丰富的资源之一，但它们在很大程度上仍然没有详细和系统的调查。西蒙·泰勒与吉尔伯特·马尔克斯(Gilbert Márkus，2006-11)合著的里程碑式的五卷《法夫地名》为苏格兰地名调查带来了新的动力，本项目旨在使其永垂不朽。此外，它还为地名的调查和列报提供了新的范例和方法。这个项目从法夫转移到其他县，测试这些方法，并为苏格兰全面、长期的县调查提供一个模板。该项目将在资助期限内完成并公布两个完整的县调查，即金罗斯郡(KNR)和克拉克曼南郡(CLA)。这两个县都是可管理的，1975年前的县每个有5个教区(每个县有大约200个名字)。每一个都已经对自己的地名进行了大量的研究，主要是由项目团队的成员进行的。调查这两个县不是简单的调查问题。虽然这两个城市都在西边，但都有特定的地名寄存器，与FIFE并不完全对应。在调查这些县时，必须提出一些关键问题，如地名地方主义的性质，‘Picish’和‘British’的边界(S)，以及每个地区经历的盖尔化程度和年表的不同。作为例证，在CLA中有一系列著名的地名，其中包含居住元素Gart‘losed field；Clearing’，但这些名字或多或少突然停在了Fife的边界上。相反，尽管FIFE包含了大量使用重要元素Pett的地名，但这些地名在KNR的历史核心中找不到，只有三个这类次要名称在CLA中幸存下来。这些例子表明，当一个人从法夫向西走时，不同的因素在苏格兰中部的地名学中发挥着作用，这个项目将解决这些差异。这两个县的调查结果将与在不同地区的其他县的工作一起进行：历史悠久的珀斯郡的曼提斯、艾尔郡的坎宁厄姆和边界的贝里克郡。项目团队为每一个项目带来了关键的专业知识，使它们成为可以取得进展的自然领域。Menteith特别先进，可以编写1卷预计的2卷。虽然这些地区的产出将不包括完整的调查出版物，但随着两个新县的完成，工作将得到了解和显著推进。这一进程将使方法论问题得以解决，以确保适用于更广泛的语言、政治和数据来源背景。该项目这一方法部分的主要研究问题涉及分析和列报方面的历史和语言方法，以及不同来源和日期范围对调查数据列报的影响。该项目还旨在提供一个公众参与地名的新范例。与当地历史学会和地方议会合作举办的一系列讲座和图书馆展览将增进研究人员对地名的了解和接触，并加深公众对当地环境和语言景观的认识和联系。到项目结束时，对苏格兰丰富而复杂的地名遗产的调查将大大推进。将对两个完整的县进行调查，三个新县即将完成，将制定进一步调查的模板和基础设施，确定方法和方法的关键问题，并对地名的复杂性获得新的见解。它将巩固和发展过去20年来在苏格兰专名学方面获得的见解，并巩固苏格兰地名研究的研究基础。

Scotland's place-names are among the richest resources for its linguistic and cultural past, yet they remain largely without detailed and systematic survey. The landmark five-volume Place-Names of Fife, by Simon Taylor with Gilbert Márkus (2006-11) brings new momentum to the survey of Scotland's place-names, which the present project aims to perpetuate. Moreover, it provides new paradigms and methodologies for the investigation and presentation of place-names. Moving from Fife to other counties, this project tests these methods, and provides a template for a full-scale, long-term county survey of Scotland. The project will complete and publish two full county surveys within the funded period, Kinross-shire (KNR) and Clackmannanshire (CLA). Both these counties are manageable, the pre-1975 counties having 5 parishes each (c.200 names per county). Each has had a substantial amount of research on its place-names already, chiefly by members of the project team. Investigating these two counties is not simply a matter of survey. Although both neighbour Fife to the west, each contains particular toponymic registers that do not precisely correspond with Fife. In investigating these counties, key questions must be posed, regarding the nature of toponymic localism, the border(s) of 'Pictish' and 'British', and the varied levels and chronology of Gaelicisation experienced in each region. As illustration, a notable series of place-names containing the habitative element gart 'enclosed field; clearing' exists in CLA, but these names stop more or less abruptly at the border of Fife. Conversely, although Fife contains an abundance of place-names employing the important element pett 'portion of an estate', these are not to be found in the historical core of KNR and only three minor names of this sort survive in CLA. These examples suggest that different factors are at play in the toponymy of central Scotland as one heads west from Fife, and this project will address these differences. The production of these two county surveys will be conducted alongside work on other counties, in distinct regions: Menteith in historical Perthshire, Cunninghame in Ayrshire and Berwickshire in the Borders. The project team brings key expertise to each of these, making them natural areas to progress to. Menteith in particular is well advanced, allowing preparation of 1 volume of a projected 2. Although the outputs from these areas will not include full survey publication, work will be informed and advanced significantly by progressing in tandem with the completion of two new counties. This process will allow methodological issues to be addressed so as to ensure applicability across a greater range of linguistic, political, and data-source contexts. Key research questions within this methodological portion of the project relate to historical and linguistic approaches in both analysis and presentation; and the effect of varied sources and date-horizons on the presentation of survey data.The project also aims to provide a new paradigm of public engagement with place-names. A series of exchanges in talks and library exhibitions, organised in collaboration with local history societies and local councils, will enhance the researchers' understanding of and access to place-names, and enrich the public's awareness of and relation to their local environment and its linguistic landscape. By the project-end, survey of Scotland's rich and complex place-name legacy will have been significantly advanced. Two full counties will have been surveyed, and three new counties set on the road to completion, the templates and infrastructure for further surveys will have been developed, key issues of methodology and approach established, and new insights into the complexities of the toponyms gained. It will have cemented and built on the insights gained over the past two decades in Scottish onomastics, and consolidated the research base of place-name studies in Scotland.